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Topic Review
Adipocyte Hyperplasia
Adipose tissue comprises various cell types, including mature adipocytes, stromal cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, blood cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and APCs. APCs, resembling fibroblasts, can differentiate into different preadipocyte lineages (e.g., beige and white adipocytes) in response to genetic and environmental factors, contributing to adipose tissue hyperplasia expansion.
  • 576
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Flaxseed Reduces Cancer Risk
Researchers utilize a targeted metabolomics dataset in combination with a reanalysis of past work to investigate the “metabo-bioenergetic” adaptations that occur in White Leghorn laying hens while consuming dietary flaxseed. Results suggest that flaxseed accelerates bioenergetic flux through glycolysis and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in liver, thereby protecting the animal from obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (i.e., primary cancer risk factors).
  • 329
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers following Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of long-lasting morbidity and mortality worldwide, being a devastating condition related to the impairment of the nervous system after an external traumatic event resulting in transitory or permanent functional disability, with a significant burden to the healthcare system.
  • 251
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Omics Approaches to Uncover Breast Cancer Alterations
Breast cancer (BC) has about 2.26 million new cases and has caused nearly 685,000 deaths worldwide in the 2020-2022, making it the most common diagnosed cancer type in the world. BC are intricate ecosystems formed by both the tumor microenvironment and malignant cells and its heterogeneity impacts on the response to treatment. Biomedical research has entered the era of massive omics data thanks to the high-throughput sequencing revolution, quick progress and widespread adoption. These technologies—liquid biopsy, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, pharmaco-omics and Artificially Intelligence imaging—could help researchers and clinicians to better understand the formation and evolution of BC.
  • 199
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Functionalized Metal Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
Metallic nanoparticles are promising nanomaterials in cancer therapy; however, functionalization of these nanoparticles with biomolecules has become relevant as their effect on cancer cells is considerably increased by photothermal and photodynamic therapies, drug nanocarriers, and specificity by antibodies, resulting in new therapies that are more specific against different types of cancer. 
  • 236
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Bariatric Surgery in Obese Patients with Diabetes
Bariatric surgery has been shown to be able to reduce the incidence of obesity-related cardiovascular disease and thus overall mortality. This result has been shown to be the result of hormonal and metabolic effects induced by post-surgical anatomical changes, with important effects on multiple hormonal and molecular axes that make this treatment more effective than conservative therapy in determining a marked improvement in the patient’s cardiovascular risk profile.
  • 360
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Histamine and Its Receptors in Mammalian Inner Ear
Histamine is a widely distributed biogenic amine with multiple biological functions mediated by specific receptors that determine the local effects of histamine. All four types of histamine receptors were identified in the mammalian inner ear. The functional studies of histamine in the inner ear were mainly in vitro. Clinical evidence suggests that histamine and its receptors may play a role in Ménière’s disease, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood.
  • 347
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Inflammatory Cytokines in Psoriatic Arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a persistent, inflammatory disease that affects individuals with psoriasis, arthritis, and enthesitis. Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-23 (IL-23), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) play a pivotal role in both the onset and progression of PsA. These cytokines are generated by activated immune cells and stimulate the attraction of inflammatory cells to the synovium and joint tissues, resulting in the deterioration of cartilage and bone. 
  • 397
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase in Brain and Its Pathologies
Among kinases, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (Abelson kinase) c-Abl appears to be involved in both the normal development of neural tissue and the development of neurodegenerative pathologies when abnormally expressed or activated. However, exactly how c-Abl mediates the progression of neurodegeneration remains largely unexplored.
  • 237
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Roles of Non-Coding RNA in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathophysiology
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is accompanied by deficits in memory and cognitive functions. The disease is pathologically characterised by the accumulation and aggregation of an extracellular peptide referred to as amyloid-β (Aβ) in the form of amyloid plaques and the intracellular aggregation of a hyperphosphorelated protein tau in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that cause neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and oxidative stress. The search for pathomechanisms leading to disease onset and progression has identified many key players that include genetic, epigenetic, behavioural, and environmental factors, which lend support to the fact that this is a multi-faceted disease where failure in various systems contributes to disease onset and progression. Although the vast majority of individuals present with the sporadic (non-genetic) form of the disease, dysfunctions in numerous protein-coding and non-coding genes have been implicated in mechanisms contributing to the disease.
  • 358
  • 25 Aug 2023
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