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Topic Review
Treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium renowned for its resilience and adaptability across diverse environments, including clinical settings, where it emerges as a formidable pathogen. Notorious for causing nosocomial infections, P. aeruginosa presents a significant challenge due to its intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms.
  • 266
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
P-Glycoprotein
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a crucial membrane transporter situated on the cell’s apical surface, being responsible for eliminating xenobiotics and endobiotics. P-gp modulators are compounds that can directly or indirectly affect this protein, leading to changes in its expression and function. These modulators can act as inhibitors, inducers, or activators, potentially causing drug–drug interactions (DDIs). 
  • 558
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Carcinogenic Pathologies through Breath Biomarkers
The assessment of volatile breath biomarkers has been targeted with a lot of interest by the scientific and medical communities during the past decades due to their suitability for an accurate, painless, non-invasive, and rapid diagnosis of health states and pathological conditions.
  • 203
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pemphigus and Pemphigoid Group
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed on nearly all nucleated cells in the body. The HLA region is located on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p21), commonly referred to as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). There are two major classes of HLA antigens: HLA class I (loci HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) and HLA class II (loci HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, HLA-DP, HLA-DM, and HLA-DO); these HLA molecules exhibit a high degree of polymorphism, with numerous alleles at each specific locus. 
  • 231
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Histopathological Parameters for Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare salivary gland tumor that accounts for approximately 1% of all head and neck cancers. Despite its initial indolent behavior, long-term survival is poor due to locoregional recurrence in approximately 40% and distant metastasis in up to 60% of patients who undergo radical treatment. The histological parameters of ACC and the combination of these parameters in histopathological grading systems provide valuable prognostic information about the clinical course of the disease. 
  • 183
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Microwave Ablation Techniques for Pancreatic Lesions
Thermal ablation is increasingly being utilized for the management of solid parenchymal tumors, such as hepatocellular cancer, renal tumors, thyroid nodules, and pulmonary tumors. However, its application in the management of pancreas lesions was delayed due to fears of causing iatrogenic thermal injury to the surrounding organs. The initial success of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in inoperable pancreatic cancers led to its application in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCLs).
  • 171
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Endoscopy is an essential tool supporting inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis, and ileocolonoscopy is essential to the diagnostic process because it allows for histological sampling. A decent description of endoscopic lesions may lead to a correct final diagnosis up to 89% of the time. Moreover, endoscopy is key to evaluating endoscopic severity, which in both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is associated with worse disease outcomes (e.g., more frequent advanced therapy requirements or more frequent hospitalizations and surgeries). Endoscopic severity should be reported according to validated endoscopic scores, such as the Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES) or the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS) for ulcerative colitis, the Rutgeerts score for postoperative Crohn’s recurrence, and the Crohn’s disease endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS) or the simplified endoscopic score for Crohn’s disease (SES-CD) for luminal Crohn’s disease activity. 
  • 246
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Zinc Functions
Zinc is a structural component of proteins, functions as a catalytic co-factor in DNA synthesis and transcription of hundreds of enzymes, and has a regulatory role in protein–DNA interactions of zinc-finger proteins.
  • 392
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Seronegative Rheumatoid Arthritis
Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (SNRA) is characterized by the absence of both rheumatoid factor (RF) and antibodies against the cyclic citrullinated protein (ACPA) in serum.
  • 199
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Substance P and NK1 Receptors in TBI
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an acquired insult to the brain caused by external mechanical impact and/or acceleration forces that result in transient or permanent neurological dysfunction. Substance P is a member of the tachykinin protein family whose neuronal release after TBI plays a critical role in TBI pathophysiology, including the development of post-traumatic oedema, increased intracranial pressure, neuroinflammation, neuronal cell death, and neurodegeneration. Because substance P release after TBI is dependent on the intensity and frequency of injury-related mechanical stimulation, the degree and anatomical distribution of substance P receptor activation after TBI will vary with injury severity and frequency, resulting in different outcomes for different injuries.
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  • 15 Nov 2023
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