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Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Vehicles for Drug Delivery
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a high tropism for the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors. The combination of nanoparticles in MSCs decreases tumor growth in vitro as well as in rodent models of cancers in vivo. Covalent conjugation of nanoparticles with the surface of MSCs can significantly increase the drug load delivery in tumor sites. Nanoparticle-based anti-angiogenic systems (gold, silica and silicates, diamond, silver, and copper) prevented tumor growth in vitro. For example, glycolic acid polyconjugates enhance nanoparticle drug delivery and have been reported in human MSCs. Labeling with fluorescent particles (coumarin-6 dye) identified tumor cells using fluorescence emission in tissues; the conjugation of different types of nanoparticles in MSCs ensured success and feasibility by tracking the migration and its intratumor detection using non-invasive imaging techniques. 
  • 212
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Earlier Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer incidence is increasing yearly. The reasons are not well known. Unfortunately, this is one of the least treatable cancers. Standard chemotherapy treatments show poor results, as do targeted treatments. The only real improvement in pancreatic cancer in the last twenty years occurred in the surgical field, where neoadjuvant therapy and very early surgery have achieved better overall survival. The only secret of arriving early to surgery is early diagnosis, and the missing element for early diagnosis is screening.
  • 125
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Role of Akt/Protein Kinase B in Cancer Metastasis
Metastasis is a critical step in the process of carcinogenesis and a vast majority of cancer-related mortalities result from metastatic disease that is resistant to current therapies. Cell migration and invasion are the first steps of the metastasis process, which mainly occurs by two important biological mechanisms, i.e., cytoskeletal remodelling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Akt (also known as protein kinase B) is a central signalling molecule of the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. Aberrant activation of this pathway has been identified in a wide range of cancers. Several studies have revealed that Akt actively engages with the migratory process in motile cells, including metastatic cancer cells. The downstream signalling mechanism of Akt in cell migration depends upon the tumour type, sites, and intracellular localisation of activated Akt.
  • 151
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Current Therapy for Advanced/Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. More than half of patients with HCC present with advanced stage, and highly active systemic therapies are crucial for improving outcomes. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapies have emerged as novel therapy options for advanced HCC.
  • 235
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Estrobolome and Hepatocellular Adenomas
Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) or hepatic adenoma is defined as a benign liver lesion, seen in patients with excessive exposure to estrogen (the higher the dose of estrogen therapy, the higher the risk of HCA), genetic and metabolic syndromes or who have undergone anabolic androgen therapy. It is known that the estrobolome plays an important role in the human endocrine system; specifically relevant in the metabolization of estrogen are bacterial species producing β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes.
  • 133
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Functions of Astrocytes after a Brain Disease
Neurons and glia (astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendroglia, and microglia) are the neural cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Glial cells have different functions; microglia are the resident macrophages in the CNS, oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelin production, NG2-positive glia is consistent with an oligodendrocyte progenitor function, and astrocytes play an important role both in homeostasis and in diseases. 
  • 293
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Conservative Axillary Surgery in Breast Cancer
Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has traditionally been performed to assess nodal status, prevent axillary recurrence, and possibly improve survival. However, the procedure has been associated with postoperative morbidities, including arm lymphedema, shoulder dysfunction, and paresthesia. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy was introduced as an alternative approach to assess axillary nodal status and potentially eliminate the need for ALND in patients with clinically node-negative (cN0) breast cancer. Despite this progress, eliminating ALND for all breast cancer patients still seems premature at this time. Various forms of conservative axillary surgery have been developed to replace or supplement conventional ALND. Conservative axillary surgery may be promising in reducing the incidence of arm lymphedema without increasing the risk of axillary recurrence.
  • 126
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Meningiomas
Meningiomas are the most prevalent primary intracranial tumors. The majority are benign but can undergo dedifferentiation into advanced grades classified by World Health Organization (WHO) into Grades 1 to 3. Meningiomas’ tremendous variability in tumor behavior and slow growth rates complicate their diagnosis and treatment. A deeper comprehension of the molecular pathways and cellular microenvironment factors implicated in meningioma survival and pathology is needed. 
  • 195
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the Central Nervous System
The brain is traditionally viewed as an immunologically privileged site; however, there are known to be multiple resident immune cells that influence the central nervous system (CNS) environment and are reactive to extra-CNS signaling. Microglia are an important component of this system, which influences early neurodevelopment in addition to modulating inflammation and regenerative responses to injury and infection. Microglia are influenced by gut microbiome-derived metabolites, both as part of their normal function and potentially in pathological patterns that may induce neurodevelopmental disabilities or behavioral changes. 
  • 183
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
PBPK Models in Postpartum Women and Breastfed Infants
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling is a bottom-up approach to predict pharmacokinetics in specific populations based on medicine-specific and population-specific data, such as physiology - A contribution from the ConcePTION Project. 
  • 230
  • 17 Nov 2023
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