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Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Management Based on Staging Systems
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer-related deaths in both sexes globally and presents different clinical outcomes that are described by a range of genomic and epigenomic alterations. Despite the advancements in CRC screening plans and treatment strategies, the prognosis of CRC is dismal. In the last two decades, molecular biomarkers predictive of prognosis have been identified in CRC, although biomarkers predictive of treatment response are only available for specific biological drugs used in stage IV CRC. The CRC staging system is based on the TNM (T—primary tumor, N—regional lymph nodes’ status, and M—distant metastases) staging system.
292
15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects many adults worldwide. Persistent low-grade inflammation is a substantial factor in its development and progression and has correlated with increased mortality and cardiovascular problems. This low-grade inflammation is a product of dysregulation of the normal balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Various factors such as increased innate immune system activation, reactive oxygen species production, periodontal disease, dysregulation of anti-inflammatory systems and intestinal dysbiosis result in the dysregulation of this balance.
456
15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Status and Clinical Significance of Lymph Node Dissection
Despite its decreasing incidence, gastric cancer remains an important global healthcare problem due to its overall high prevalence and high mortality rate. Since the Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy (MAGIC) and Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte contre le Cancer (FNLCC)/ Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive (FFCD) trials, the neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been recommended throughout Europe in gastric cancer. Potential benefits of preoperative treatments include a higher rate of R0 resection achieved by downstaging the primary tumor, a likely effect on micrometastases and isolated tumor cells in the lymph nodes, and, as a result, improved cancer-related survival. Nevertheless, distortion of anatomical planes of dissection, interstitial fibrosis, and sclerotic tissue changes may increase surgical difficulty. The collection of at least twenty-five lymph nodes after neoadjuvant therapy would seem to ensure removal of undetectable node metastasis and reduce the likelihood of locoregional recurrence.
285
15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diet in Autosomal Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease and is characterized by a gradual and slow formation and growth of kidney cysts leading to end-stage kidney disease. Dietary interventions are a fundamental part of chronic kidney disease (CKD) treatment, demonstrated by their impact on slowing the progression of CKD and reducing the accumulation of metabolic products, helping in lowering symptoms of uremia and metabolic acidosis and lowering phosphate levels. Among the dietary regimens, plant-based diets and dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) may be beneficial in slowing CKD progression with their low sodium, saturated fat, phosphate apport, and high fiber intake. In addition, plant-based regimens are alkaline-forming, helping in the reduction of acidosis condition in advanced chronic kidney disease. Similarly, the Mediterranean diet is advantageous in slowing kidney damage progression and cardiovascular disease thanks to the reduction in oxidative stress.
386
15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Medicinal Plants Targrting NLRP3 Inflammasome in IBD
The Nod-like Receptor (NLR) Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a key regulator found in immunological and epithelial cells, is crucial in inducing inflammatory diseases, promoting immune responses to the gut microbiota, and regulating the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. Its downstream effectors include caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β.
512
15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Transoral Outlet Reduction for Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease of global pandemic proportions. In this context, an increasing number of patients are undergoing bariatric surgery, which is considered the most effective weight loss treatment for long-term improvement in obesity-related comorbidities. One of the most popular bariatric surgeries is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).
335
15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Lung Segmentectomy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Surgery
Current guidelines recommend surgery for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The standard treatment for patients with cT1N0 NSCLC has been lobectomy with lymph-node dissection, with sublobar resection used only in patients with inadequate cardio-respiratory reserve, with poor performance status, or who are elderly. The results of two randomized controlled trial recently had changed the point of view, giving a new important role to the sublobar resections.
328
15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Malignant Traits and Extracellular Vesicles in Metastasis
Metastases are responsible for the vast majority of cancer deaths, yet most therapeutic efforts have focused on targeting and interrupting tumor growth rather than impairing the metastatic process. Traditionally, cancer metastasis is attributed to the dissemination of neoplastic cells from the primary tumor to distant organs through blood and lymphatic circulation. A thorough understanding of the metastatic process is essential to develop new therapeutic strategies that improve cancer survival. Since Paget’s original description of the “Seed and Soil” hypothesis over a hundred years ago, alternative theories and new players have been proposed. In particular, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cancer cells and their uptake by neighboring cells or at distinct anatomical sites has been explored.
307
15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Calorie Restriction under Malignant Tumors
Excessive body weight leads to increased levels of estrogens, chronic inflammation and hypoxia, which can play an important role in the development of malignancies. Calorie restriction can improve the state of patients with various diseases. Decreased calorie uptake influences lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, hormone levels and cell processes.
220
15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Malignant Hyperthermia in Children
Malignant hyperthermia is a rare but life-threatening pharmacogenetic disorder triggered by exposure to specific anesthetic agents. Although this occurrence could affect virtually any patient during the perioperative time, the pediatric population is particularly vulnerable, and it has a five-fold higher incidence in children compared to adults.
331
15 Jun 2023
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