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Topic Review
Comparison of Different Types of Palatal Expanders
Maxillary bone contraction is caused by genetics or ambiental factors and is often accompanied by dental crowding, with the possibility of canine inclusion, crossbite, class II and III malocclusion, temporomandibular joint disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS). Transverse maxillary deficits, in which the maxillary growth is unusually modest, are frequently treated with maxillary expansion. The purpose herein is to compare the dental and skeletal effects of different types of expanders, particularly the Leaf Expander, rapid and slow dental-anchored or skeletal-anchored maxillary expanders. 
  • 988
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Microbe-Specific Targeting by β-Lactams and Ureas
β-Lactams have been viewed as universal acylating agents of serine and cysteine enzymes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Their use has been propelled by the COVID-19 pandemic, thus broadening their application as inhibitors of viral enzymes. The urea-based drugs have been extensively studied as inhibitors of the aforementioned enzymes.
  • 271
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of DKD
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a severe and common complication and affects a quarter of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Oxidative stress and inflammation related to hyperglycemia are interlinked and contribute to the occurrence of DKD. It was shown that sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, a novel yet already widely used therapy, may prevent the development of DKD and alter its natural progression. 
  • 218
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Stromal Proliferation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a chronic proliferative disease showing stromal-dominant proliferation.  Inflammation in BPH tissues by various factors finally leads to tissue remodeling and stromal proliferation through the wound healing process of the prostate. The stromal proliferation of BPH develops by two pathways, including androgen-dependent and androgen-independent pathways.
  • 667
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Network Involvement in Motor Symptoms
Motor symptoms dominate the clinical expression of PD. Muscular rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, gait instability, and resting tremor form the core of the motor symptoms. The concept of “parkinsonism” encompasses all motor impairments. For the clinical diagnosis, parkinsonism is defined as bradykinesia accompanied by resting tremor, rigidity, or both. Dopamine (DA) loss secondary to degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) initiates parkinsonism by causing impaired modulatory function in the motor network.
  • 180
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Precision Medicine
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a complex medical disorder that can develop in several primary acute disorders, has a rapid time course, and has several classifications that can reflect either the degree of hypoxemia, the extent of radiographic involvement, or the underlying pathogenesis. The identification of subtypes of patients with ARDS would potentially make precision medicine possible in these patients. This is a very difficult challenge given the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and treatment responses in these patients. The analysis of large databases of patients with acute respiratory failure using statistical methods such as cluster analysis could identify phenotypes that have different outcomes or treatment strategies. However, clinical information available on presentation is unlikely to separate patients into groups that allow for secure treatment decisions or outcome predictions. In some patients, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation provides adequate support through episodes of acute respiratory failure, and the development of specialized units to manage patients with this support might lead to the better use of hospital resources. Patients with ARDS have capillary leak, which results in interstitial and alveolar edema. Early attention to fluid balance in these patients might improve gas exchange and alter the pathophysiology underlying the development of severe ARDS. Finally, more attention to the interaction of patients with ventilators through complex monitoring systems has the potential to identify ventilator dyssynchrony, leading to ventilator adjustments and potentially better outcomes.
  • 472
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
MHC-I Reduction and Immune Evasion
Cancer cells circumvent immune surveillance via diverse strategies. In accordance, a large number of complex studies of the immune system focusing on tumor cell recognition have revealed new insights and strategies developed, largely through major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). MHC-I molecules are known as human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and HLA class-I molecules are composed of classical (class-Ia) and the non-classical (class-Ib) components.
  • 215
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Monoclonal Antibodies in Pediatric Cancer
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as the name implies, are clonal antibodies that bind to the same antigen. mAbs are broadly used as diagnostic or therapeutic tools for neoplasms, autoimmune diseases, allergic conditions, and infections.  
  • 351
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Immunosensors for Autoimmune-Disease-Related Biomarkers
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a group of various disorders that are characterized by dysregulation of the immune system. This malfunction state leads to an improper activation of immune elements that may consequently attack target molecules, cells, and tissues of the organism, resulting in inflammation and organ damage. Due to the continuously increasing number of patients with ADs, the severity of ADs’ clinical symptoms, and treatment insufficiency, novel analytical tools enabling early, reliable, and high-throughput disease diagnosis are highly desirable, since such tools may help health systems to confront the burden related to the late diagnosis of ADs and decrease premature mortality. To meet this need, during the last two decades, several immunosensors for detecting AD-related biomarkers have been developed as research prototypes. The AD immunosensors reported to date can be divided into two main categories depending on the biomarker(s) detected, i.e., either various autoantibodies or other protein biomarkers, such as specific inflammation-related cytokines. Most of AD immunosensors are electrochemical, while some optical and a few piezoelectric sensors have also been described.
  • 186
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Treatment Goals in Low-Grade Gliomas Clinical Management
The ability of neural circuits to compensate for damage to the central nervous system is called postlesional plasticity. In diffuse low-grade gliomas (LGGs), a crosstalk between the brain and the tumor activates modulations of plasticity, as well as tumor proliferation and migration, by means of paracrine and electrical intercommunications.
  • 186
  • 04 Aug 2023
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