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Topic Review
Vascular Aging
Vascular aging, i.e., the deterioration of the structure and function of the arteries over the life course, predicts cardiovascular events and mortality. Vascular degeneration can be recognized before becoming clinically symptomatic; therefore, its assessment allows the early identification of individuals at risk. This opens the possibility of minimizing disease progression. Vascular remodeling with advancing age is characterized by arterial stiffening and calcification. Arterial stiffening affects the macro- and micro-vasculature in unique ways. The main function of large arteries is to dampen the pulsatility of cardiac contraction by elastic recoiling after systolic expansion, so that constant, rather than pulsatile, blood flow is propelled to organs and tissues, including the coronary arteries.
  • 509
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Risk Factors for Stroke in Chronic Kidney Disease
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher risk ofboth ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This association appears to be partly independent from the higher prevalence of established risk factors for stroke in patients with CKD, including hypertension and atrial fibrillation.
  • 165
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Surgical Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide. It is estimated to affect 2–4% of the adult population, and its prevalence increases with advancing age. Given the aging population, AF is expected to become even more prevalent in the coming years. Ischemic stroke and systemic embolism are the most significant risks associated with AF, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, thromboembolism prevention is the cornerstone of managing AF.
  • 215
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Inherited Defects in Collagen and Collagen-Related Genes
Congenital arthrogryposis (CA) refers to the presence of multiple contractures at birth. It is a feature of several inherited syndromes, notable amongst them are disorders of collagen formation.
  • 201
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis and Therapeutics for Huntington’s Disease
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative genetic disorder caused by an expanded polyglutamine-coding (CAG) trinucleotide repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. HD behaves as a highly penetrant dominant disorder likely acting through a toxic gain of function by the mutant huntingtin protein. Widespread cellular degeneration of the medium spiny neurons of the caudate nucleus and putamen are responsible for the onset of symptomology that encompasses motor, cognitive, and behavioural abnormalities. 
  • 275
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Juvenile Autoimmune Hepatitis
Juvenile autoimmune hepatitis (JAIH) is severe immune-mediated necro-inflammatory disease of the liver with spontaneous progression to cirrhosis and liver failure if left untreated. The diagnosis is based on the combination of clinical, laboratory and histological findings. Prothrombin ratio is a useful prognostic factor to identify patients who will most likely require a liver transplant by adolescence or early adulthood. JAIH treatment consists of immune suppression and should be started promptly at diagnosis to halt inflammatory liver damage and ultimately prevent fibrosis and progression to end-stage liver disease. The risk of relapse is high especially in the setting of poor treatment compliance.
  • 278
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Molecularly Targeted HNSCC Therapy
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major threat to public health around the world. Its occurrence is linked to genetic events and environmental factors, including Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections. Patients with HPV-positive tumors usually have a better prognosis than those with HPV-negative tumors. According to advances in understanding the molecular basis of HNSCC tumors, targeted therapy is thought to improve treatment outcomes.
  • 268
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Preparation and Purification of In Vitro-Transcribed-mRNA-Based Molecules
The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a disruptive impact on public health and the global economy. Fortunately, the development of COVID-19 vaccines based on in vitro transcribed messenger RNA (IVT mRNA) has been a breakthrough in medical history, benefiting billions of people with its high effectiveness, safety profile, and ease of large-scale production. This success is the result of decades of continuous RNA research, which has led to significant improvements in the stability and expression level of IVT mRNA through various approaches such as sequence optimization and improved preparation processes. IVT mRNA sequence optimization has been shown to have a positive effect on enhancing mRNA expression level. The innovation of IVT mRNA purification technology is also indispensable, as the purity of IVT mRNA directly affects success of downstream vaccine preparation processes and the potential for inducing unwanted side effects in therapeutic applications. Despite the progress made, challenges related to IVT mRNA sequence design and purification still require further attention to enhance the quality of IVT mRNA in the future.
  • 570
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Eating Disorders in Youth with Chronic Health Conditions
Youth with chronic health conditions face an elevated risk of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors. Contributors to this phenomenon may include the unique threats faced by this vulnerable population to their body image, their relationships with food and eating, and their mental health and self-esteem. However, youth with chronic health conditions may also experience more severe medical complications and mortality from eating disorder behaviors because of the additional risks conveyed by their underlying conditions.
  • 261
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Triple Overlap Syndrome (OSAHS-COPD-CHF)
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are independently linked to an increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Only a few studies have been published linking the association between overlap syndrome and congestive heart failure (CHF). It is becoming increasingly clear through research that there is a strong connection between OSA, COPD, and CHF. 
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  • 06 Sep 2023
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