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Topic Review
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis (GIOP)
In a physiological state, glucocorticoids stimulate mature osteoblasts to produce Wnt proteins functioning as signaling molecules, causing a Wnt/β-catenin cascade to be activated. This signaling cascade affects mesenchymal progenitor cells, and has a positive effect on their differentiation into osteoblasts instead of chondrocytes or adipocytes. Glucocorticoids are the most widely used anti-inflammatory drug around the world. Despite their excellent effect in managing many acute inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders, the usage of glucocorticoids has been limited due to substantial adverse effects. One of the most well-known side effects is osteoporosis, which further induces bone fracture and other musculoskeletal problems.
  • 385
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Support for Osteoporosis Patients
Osteoporosis is a vital healthcare issue among elderly people. During the aging process, a gradual loss of bone mass results in osteopenia and osteoporosis. Heritable factors account for 60–80% of optimal bone mineralization, whereas modifiable factors such as nutrition, weight-bearing exercise, body mass, and hormonal milieu affect the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis in adulthood. Osteoporosis substantially increases the risk of skeletal fractures and further morbidity and mortality. The effective prevention of fractures by reducing the loss of bone mass is the primary goal for physicians treating people with osteoporosis. Other than pharmacologic agents, lifestyle adjustment, nutritional support, fall prevention strategies, exercise, and physical modalities can be used to treat osteoporosis or prevent further osteoporotic fracture.
  • 161
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women
Isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment for menopausal symptoms for people who cannot or are unwilling to take hormone replacement therapy. 
  • 331
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Epithelial Ovarian Cancers
Most patients with epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are at advanced stages (stage III–IV), for which the recurrence rate is high and the 5-year survival rate is low. The most effective treatment for advanced diseases involves a debulking surgery followed by adjuvant intravenous chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Nevertheless, systemic treatment with intravenous chemotherapeutic agents for peritoneal metastasis appears to be less effective due to the poor blood supply to the peritoneal surface with low drug penetration into tumor nodules. Based on this reason, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) emerges as a new therapeutic alternative. By convection and diffusion, the hyperthermic chemotherapeutic agents can directly contact intraperitoneal tumors and produce cytotoxicity. In a two-compartment model, the peritoneal–plasma barrier blocks the leakage of chemotherapeutic agents from peritoneal cavity and tumor tissues to local vessels, thus maintaining a higher concentration of chemotherapeutic agents within the tumor tissues to facilitate tumor apoptosis and a lower concentration of chemotherapeutic agents within the local vessels to decrease systemic toxicity. 
  • 284
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Plant Polyphenols and Their Benefits on Cardiovascular Health
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found in vegetables, fruits, and grains. These compounds exhibit several health benefits such as immune modulators, vasodilators, and antioxidants.
  • 240
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Photon Tomography in Skin Penetration Research
Multi-photon tomography (MPT) is a 3D optical imaging method based on the detection of fluorescence and harmonic signals excited by multiple photons. At high photon flux, two or three photons can be absorbed simultaneously and the sum energy is sufficient to put the molecule in the excited state; then, the emitted two- or three-photon-excited fluorescence is measured. Pulsed fs lasers are usually used for this purpose.
  • 405
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Melanoma In Situ
The immune system has been long recognised as a key element involved in the pathogenesis, progression, and persistence of skin cancer. Immunotherapy, which includes various strategies to stimulate and activate the tumour immune response, currently represents a promising option for skin cancer management, including the treatment of situ melanoma (MIS). Local immunotherapy is an exciting therapeutic approach that may achieve complete responses without inducing systemic toxicity. It can be used in monotherapy or in combination with other therapies and can be withdrawn and reintroduced as needed without a loss of efficacy. The most widely used immunotherapy in MIS, especially the LM-subtype, is imiquimod and, to a lesser extent, intralesional interferon-α (IL-INF-α) and ingenol mebutate (IM).
  • 290
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bubble-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Practice
The administration of microbubbles and nanobubbles (MNBs) has the possibility to provide therapeutic and diagnostic information without the same ramifications. Microbubbles (MBs), for instance, have been used for ultrasound (US) imaging due to their ability to remain in vessels when exposed to ultrasonic waves. On the other hand, nanobubbles (NBs) can be used for further therapeutic benefits, including chronic treatments for osteoporosis and cancer, gene delivery, and treatment for acute conditions, such as brain infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs).
  • 261
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
One-Carbon Metabolism in Healthy Brain Aging
One-carbon (1C) metabolism is a key metabolic network that integrates nutritional signals with several processes in the human body. Dietary supplementation of 1C components, such as folic acid, vitamin B12, and choline are reported to have beneficial effects on normal and diseased brain function.
  • 382
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes are defined and characterized by an inappropriate immune response targeting native nervous system antigens that are ectopically expressed by a systemic tumor. The first reported case of a possible paraneoplastic neurologic disorder was documented in 1888 by Hermann Oppenheim, a young neurologist working at the Charité Hospital in Berlin.
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  • 18 Sep 2023
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