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Topic Review
Desquamative Gingivitis
Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical condition with a chronic course, not specific to a particular disease, characterized by intense erythema, scaling, vesicles, and/or blisters that may involve both the marginal free gingiva (MG) and the neighboring adherent gingiva (AG). 
  • 373
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bilingual Speech and Neuroimaging
It is documented that most bilingual speakers voluntarily engage in code-mixing in conversation and bilinguals use speech sound inventories from both their first (L1) and second language (L2) when code-mixing. Code-mixed language offers a unique opportunity to study first- and second-language speech perception while both languages are being assessed. In addition, it is possible to investigate neural activation monitoring during such a task with the use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). fNIRS is a non-evasive imaging technology that has been previously used to investigate bilingualism and brain localization function.
  • 409
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
IGF-IR Stimulating Activity Analyses
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) play a crucial factor in the growth, differentiation and survival of cells in health and disease. IGF-I and IGF-II primarily activate the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), which is present on the cell surface. Activation of the IGF-IR stimulates multiple pathways which finally results in multiple biological effects in a variety of tissues and cells. In addition, activation of the IGF-IR has been found to be essential for the growth of cancers. The conventional view in the past was that the IGF-IR was exclusively a tyrosine kinase receptor and that phosphorylation of tyrosine residues, after binding of IGF-I to the IGF-IR, started a cascade of post-receptor events. Research has shown that this view was too simplistic. It has been found that the IGF-IR also has kinase-independent functions and may even emit signals in the unoccupied state through some yet-to-be-defined non-canonical pathways. The IGF-IR may further form hybrids with the insulin receptors but also with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) outside the insulin-IGF system. In addition, the IGF-IR has extensive cross-talk with many other receptor tyrosine kinases and their downstream effectors. Moreover, there is now emerging evidence that the IGF-IR utilizes parts of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways: the IGF-IR can be considered as a functional RTK/GPCR hybrid, which integrates the kinase signaling with some IGF-IR mediated canonical GPCR characteristics. Like the classical GPCRs the IGF-IR can also show homologous and heterologous desensitization.
  • 219
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Natural Food Antioxidants against LDL Damage/Atherosclerosis
Radical oxygen species formed in human tissue cells by many endogenous and exogenous pathways cause extensive oxidative damage which has been linked to various human diseases.
  • 167
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
miRNA in Graft-Versus-Host-Disease
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a clinically challenging modality for the treatment of many hematologic diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common complication after allo-HSCT and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, limiting the success of a potentially curative transplant. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been shown to impact the biology of GVHD. They are molecular regulators involved in numerous processes during T-cell development, homeostasis, and activation, and contribute to the pathological function of T-cells during GvHD.
  • 192
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopic Salvage of Gastrointestinal Anastomosis Leaks
Anastomotic leakage, which is defined as a defect in the integrity of a surgical join between two hollow viscera leading to communication between the intraluminal and extraluminal compartments, continues to be of high incidence and one of the most feared complications following gastrointestinal surgery, with a significant potential for a fatal outcome. Surgical options for management are limited and carry a high risk of morbidity and mortality; thus, surgeons are urged to look for alternative options which are minimally invasive, repeatable, non-operative, and do not require general anesthesia. 
  • 135
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Precision Vaccinology Approaches for Adjuvanted Vaccines
Infection persists as one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality, with particular burden at the extremes of age and in populations who are immunocompromised or suffer chronic co-morbid diseases. By focusing discovery and innovation efforts to better understand the phenotypic and mechanistic differences in the immune systems of diverse vulnerable populations, emerging research in precision vaccine discovery and development has explored how to optimize immunizations across the lifespan. 
  • 244
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Work-Related Hand Eczema in Healthcare Workers
Work-related skin diseases are among the most common work-related diseases, ranking second in frequency after musculoskeletal diseases. The majority of work-related skin diseases (80–95%) are contact dermatitis, which can be both irritant and allergic in nature. Lesions are most commonly described as hand eczema and occur as a result of contact with various substances (irritants and allergens) in the workplace. The term “eczema” is generally used to describe a group of skin lesions in which the skin is itchy, dry, and inflamed. However, the term eczema usually involves a non-specific clinical picture but is commonly used in real-life and medical settings when working with patients.
  • 541
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prevention
The hepatitis C virus (HCV), a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Tumors caused by HCC have an increased mortality rate globally, which is more accentuated in Western countries. The carcinogenic potential of this virus is mediated through a wide range of mechanisms, spanning from the induction of chronic inflammation to oxidative stress and deregulation of cellular pathways by viral proteins.
  • 272
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator and Diabetes
The most common inherited condition that results in death, particularly in those of Caucasian heritage, is cystic fibrosis (CF). Of all the young adults diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, 20% will develop hyperglycemia as a complication, later classified as a disease associated with cystic fibrosis. Impaired insulin secretion and glucose intolerance represent the primary mechanisms associated with diabetes (type 1 or type 2) and cystic fibrosis.
  • 216
  • 07 Oct 2023
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