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Topic Review
DNA Microarrays
Early disease detection using microarray data is vital for prompt and efficient treatment. However, the intricate nature of these data and the ongoing need for more precise interpretation techniques make it a persistently active research field. Numerous gene expression datasets are publicly available, containing microarray data that reflect the activation status of thousands of genes in patients who may have a specific disease. ThesGene expression microarrays, also known as DNA microarrays, are laboratory tools used to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously, thus providing a snapshot of the cellular function (for technical details.e datasets encompass a vast number of genes, resulting in high-dimensional feature vectors that present significant challenges for human analysis. 
  • 461
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Oligodendrocytes and Vitamin D Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological condition that involves both inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative components. MS research and treatments have traditionally focused on immunomodulation, with less investigation of neuroprotection, and this holds true for the role of vitamin D in MS. Vitamin D plays an anti-inflammatory role in modulating the immune system in MS. More recently, researchers have begun investigating the potential neuroprotective role of vitamin D in MS, which may be important in remyelination and/or the prevention of demyelination. There is a growing body of research uncovering mechanistic role of vitamin D-mediated neuroprotection, including: enhancing oligodendrocyte lineage differentiation, enhancing neurotrophin expression, attenuating aberrant microglial and reactive astrocyte activation, stabilizing the BBB, and reducing oxidative stress. 1,25(OH)2D3 promotes stem cell proliferation and drives the differentiation of neural stem cells into oligodendrocytes, which carry out remyelination. 
  • 347
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cancer–Neuronal Crosstalk in the Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the most aggressive solid tumors with a dismal prognosis and an increasing incidence. At the time of diagnosis, more than 85% of patients are in an unresectable stage. 
  • 287
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Breast Cancer
The Mediterranean diet (MD), a plant-based diet, which is considered one of the healthiest nutritional models, has potential to help in the postdiagnosis phase of breast cancer (BC), due in part to the presence of several nutraceuticals: bioactive compounds and food components that, in addition to nutritional properties, have well-established antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects.
  • 287
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pathomolecular Mechanisms of Retinitis Pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa, defined more properly as cone–rod dystrophy, is a paradigm of inherited diffuse retinal dystrophies, one of the rare diseases with the highest prevalence in the worldwide population and one of the main causes of low vision in the pediatric and elderly age groups. Generally speaking, the pathomolecular mechanisms of RP involve primarily genetic mutations that disrupt the normal functioning of the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium through specific and common pathways.
  • 185
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gender Differences in Insulin Resistance
Gender plays an important role in determining metabolism, both in normal subjects and in subjects affected by dysfunction related to insulin resistance (IR). Studying these relationships may provide insight into how hormonal changes during different life stages, such as puberty, pregnancy, and the menopause, affect IR and diabetes risk.
  • 237
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mast Cell Involvement in the Musculoskeletal Diseases
There has been a noteworthy revival of interest in the function of mast cells (MCs) in the human body. It is now acknowledged that MCs impact a wide array of processes beyond just allergies, leading to a shift in research direction.
  • 221
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Inorganic Nanoparticles Carrying Amphotericin B
Amphotericin B is the oldest antifungal molecule which is still currently widely used in clinical practice. Recently, its redox properties (i.e., both prooxidant and antioxidant) have been highlighted in the literature as mechanisms involved in both its activity and its toxicity. Interestingly, similar properties can be described for inorganic nanoparticles. Moreover, in a majority of the published studies, inorganic nanoparticles carrying Amphotericin B are described as having a synergistic activity directly related to the rupture of the redox homeostasis of the pathogen (i.e., fungi, parasites, and yeasts). Consequently, due to the unique properties of inorganic nanoparticles (e.g., magnetism, intrinsic anti-infectious properties, stimuli-triggered responses, etc.), these nanomaterials (i.e., inorganic nanoparticles carrying Amphotericin B) may represent a new generation of medicine that can synergistically enhance the antimicrobial properties of Amphotericin B.
  • 341
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Food-Dependent Exercise-Induced Allergic Reactions
Food-dependent exercise-induced allergic reactions (FDEIA) represent a distinct clinical phenomenon where symptoms arise during exercise following the consumption of specific trigger foods, with the most severe manifestation being anaphylaxis—a condition distinct from typical exercise-induced or food-induced anaphylaxis.
  • 248
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Treatment of Enthesitis-Related Arthritis
Enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) represents 5–30% of all cases of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and belongs to the spectrum of the disorders included in the group of juvenile spondyloarthritis. In the last decade, there have been considerable advances in the classification, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of ERA. New provisional criteria for ERA have been recently proposed by the Paediatric Rheumatology INternational Trials Organisation, as part of a wider revision of the International League of Associations for Rheumatology criteria for JIA. The therapeutic recommendations for ERA are comparable to those applied to other non-systemic JIA categories, unless axial disease and/or enthesitis are present. In such cases, the early use of a TNF-alpha inhibitor is recommended. Novel treatment agents are promising, including IL-17/IL-23 or JAK/STAT pathways blockers.
  • 254
  • 24 Oct 2023
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