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Topic Review
Functions of Astrocytes after a Brain Disease
Neurons and glia (astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendroglia, and microglia) are the neural cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Glial cells have different functions; microglia are the resident macrophages in the CNS, oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelin production, NG2-positive glia is consistent with an oligodendrocyte progenitor function, and astrocytes play an important role both in homeostasis and in diseases. 
  • 293
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Conservative Axillary Surgery in Breast Cancer
Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has traditionally been performed to assess nodal status, prevent axillary recurrence, and possibly improve survival. However, the procedure has been associated with postoperative morbidities, including arm lymphedema, shoulder dysfunction, and paresthesia. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy was introduced as an alternative approach to assess axillary nodal status and potentially eliminate the need for ALND in patients with clinically node-negative (cN0) breast cancer. Despite this progress, eliminating ALND for all breast cancer patients still seems premature at this time. Various forms of conservative axillary surgery have been developed to replace or supplement conventional ALND. Conservative axillary surgery may be promising in reducing the incidence of arm lymphedema without increasing the risk of axillary recurrence.
  • 126
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Meningiomas
Meningiomas are the most prevalent primary intracranial tumors. The majority are benign but can undergo dedifferentiation into advanced grades classified by World Health Organization (WHO) into Grades 1 to 3. Meningiomas’ tremendous variability in tumor behavior and slow growth rates complicate their diagnosis and treatment. A deeper comprehension of the molecular pathways and cellular microenvironment factors implicated in meningioma survival and pathology is needed. 
  • 195
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the Central Nervous System
The brain is traditionally viewed as an immunologically privileged site; however, there are known to be multiple resident immune cells that influence the central nervous system (CNS) environment and are reactive to extra-CNS signaling. Microglia are an important component of this system, which influences early neurodevelopment in addition to modulating inflammation and regenerative responses to injury and infection. Microglia are influenced by gut microbiome-derived metabolites, both as part of their normal function and potentially in pathological patterns that may induce neurodevelopmental disabilities or behavioral changes. 
  • 182
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
PBPK Models in Postpartum Women and Breastfed Infants
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling is a bottom-up approach to predict pharmacokinetics in specific populations based on medicine-specific and population-specific data, such as physiology - A contribution from the ConcePTION Project. 
  • 229
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Gastroenterologist's Transition from Pediatrics to Adult
Cystic Fibrosis is a chronic disease affecting multiple systems, including the GI tract. Clinical manifestation in patients can start as early as infancy and vary across different age groups. With the advent of new, highly effective modulators, the life expectancy of people with CF (PwCF) has improved significantly. Various GI aspects of CF care, such as nutrition, are linked to an overall improvement in morbidity, lung function and the quality of life of PwCF. The variable clinical presentations and management of GI diseases in pediatrics and adults with CF should be recognized. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure efficient transfer of information between pediatric and adult providers for proper continuity of management and coordination of care at the time of transition. 
  • 121
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Maternal Trait Mindfulness and Social Competence of Preschoolers
The impact of maternal trait mindfulness on the development of preschoolers' social competence is receiving increasing attention from researchers. (1) Maternal trait mindfulness was positively related to preschoolers' social competence; (2) Maternal self-control and problematic social media use independently mediated the relationship between maternal trait mindfulness and preschoolers' social competence; (3) Maternal self-control and problematic social media use play a chain-mediating role between maternal trait mindfulness and preschoolers' social competence. 
  • 283
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer Treatment for Clinical Oncologists
Pancreatic cancer (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive solid tumors and is showing increasing incidence. Here provide practical help for all clinical oncologists and to summarize the current management of PDAC using a simple “ABC method” (A—anatomical resectability, B—biological resectability and C—clinical conditions). For anatomically resectable PDAC without any high-risk factors (biological or conditional), the actual standard of care is represented by surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The remaining PDAC patients should all be treated with initial systemic therapy, though the intent for each is different: for borderline resectable patients, the intent is neoadjuvant; for locally advanced patients, the intent is conversion; and for metastatic PDAC patients, the intent remains just palliative.
  • 102
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Kappa Opioid Receptor for Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) afflicts millions of people worldwide. While multiple therapeutics have recently been developed and approved as treatment agents, they are not 100% effective. Recent developments investigating the endogenous opioid system involvement in MS has revealed that agonists of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) have beneficial effects in both animal models of MS (and demyelinating disorders more generally) as well as in vitro models of remyelination. Several groups have contributed to this development.
  • 319
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Clinical manifestations of Fruit Allergy
Fruit allergies manifest with a diverse array of clinical presentations, ranging from localized contact allergies and oral allergy syndrome to the potential for severe systemic reactions including anaphylaxis. The scope of population-level prevalence studies remains limited, largely derived from single-center or hospital-based investigations.
  • 190
  • 17 Nov 2023
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