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Topic Review
The Structural Proteins of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus (PEDV) is one of the main pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets and fattening pigs. The clinical signs of PED are vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and mortality resulting in significant economic losses and becoming a major challenge in the pig industry. PEDV possesses various crucial structural and functional proteins, which play important roles in viral structure, infection, replication, assembly, and release, as well as in escaping host innate immunity.
  • 163
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Endogenous Retroviruses Expression Regulation Mechanisms
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are the result of retroviral infections acquired millions of years ago; nowadays, they compose around 8% of human DNA. Multiple mechanisms have been employed for endogenous retroviral deactivation, rendering replication and retrotransposition defective, while some of them have been co-opted to serve host evolutionary advantages. A pleiad of mechanisms retains the delicate balance of HERV expression in modern humans. Thus, epigenetic modifications, such as DNA and histone methylation, acetylation, deamination, chromatin remodeling, and even post-transcriptional control are recruited.
  • 142
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Management of Hepatitis C Infection in Children
Children represent only a small proportion of those infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared to adults. Nevertheless, a substantial number of children have chronic HCV infection and are at risk of complications including cirrhosis, portal hypertension, hepatic decompensation with hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma in adulthood. The overall prevalence of the HCV in children was estimated to be 0.87% worldwide. The HCV spreads through the blood. Children born to women with chronic hepatitis C should be evaluated and tested for HCV due to the known risk of infection. The course of treatment for hepatitis C depends on the type of HCV.
  • 61
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of extracellular Tat in HIV Pathogenesis
Each time the virus starts a new round of expression/replication, even under effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the transactivator of viral transcription Tat is one of the first HIV-1 protein to be produced, as it is strictly required for HIV replication and spreading. At this stage, most of the Tat protein exits infected cells, accumulates in the extracellular matrix and exerts profound effects on both the virus and neighbor cells, mostly of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Through these effects, extracellular Tat contributes to the acquisition of infection, spreading and progression to AIDS in untreated patients, or to non-AIDS co-morbidities in ART-treated individuals, who experience inflammation and immune activation despite virus suppression.
  • 70
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Clinical Symptoms and Diagnosis of Tick-Borne Encephalitis
The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the arboviral etiological agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), considered to be one of the most important tick-borne viral diseases in Europe and Asia. 
  • 59
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 S Conserved Regions for Vaccine Development
Several distinct pathogenic coronaviruses have emerged, including the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, which is difficult to curtail despite the availability of licensed vaccines. The difficulty in managing SARS-CoV-2 is linked to changes in the variants’ proteins, especially in the spike protein (SP) used for viral entry. These mutations, especially in the SP, enable the virus to evade immune responses induced by natural infection or vaccination. However, some parts of the SP in the S1 subunit and the S2 subunit are considered conserved among coronaviruses. 
  • 126
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Management of Cytomegalovirus Infections
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections may increase morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Until recently, standard antiviral drugs against CMV were limited to viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (val)ganciclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir with a risk for cross-resistance. These drugs may also cause serious side effects.
  • 90
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Genomic Composition of Bovine Leukemia Virus
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most significant neoplastic disease in cattle. EBL is often overlooked in daily breeding processes due to the absence of obvious clinical symptoms.
  • 64
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
COVID-19
Researchers present an overview of the current state of knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to an overview of the epidemiological, clinical, and radiological features of SARS-CoV-2, researchers also summarize possible therapeutic options currently under investigation and the future outlook for the disease. Whereas the trials on SARS-CoV-2 genome-based specific vaccines and therapeutic antibodies are currently being tested, this solution is more long-term, as they require thorough testing of their safety. On the other hand, the repurposing of the existing therapeutic agents previously designed for other virus infections and pathologies happens to be the only practical approach as a rapid response measure to the emergent pandemic. The current pandemic emergency will be a trigger for more systematic drug repurposing design approaches based on big data analysis. Further on, regression analytical review is presented on the virological and evolutionary history of SARS-CoV viruses, indicating to the autoimmune pathogen.
  • 7.2K
  • 14 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neurotrophic Virus and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development
Neurotrophic viruses are pathogens that can cause alterations in the function of the central nervous system (CNS). These viruses can enter the CNS through the previously mentioned pathways. Additionally, it has been observed that viruses whose genome corresponds to RNA can be introduced into the CNS through nerves, such as the sciatic nerve. Some can even transport immune cells, allowing them to arrive at the CNS. On the other hand, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses can enter the CNS by penetrating the blood–brain barrier, utilizing brain microvascular endothelial cells, and even using sensory nerve endings and olfactory receptor neurons to enter the CNS. When the infection occurs, the main mechanism that the CNS possesses to defend itself is the activation of microglia, which induce the activation of the innate immune response and a subsequent adaptive immune response. Even the microglia can act with astrocytes to induce the chemotaxis of immune cells, like neutrophils, to combat infection generated in the CNS.
  • 60
  • 12 Jan 2024
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