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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Modulation of the Host Defence System by Nematophagous Fungi and Chitosan
Nematophagous fungi (NFs), which are responsible for soil suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes, are multitrophic biocontrol agents. This raises the question of the transition between lifestyles (e.g., endophytism vs. egg parasitism). The NF Pochonia chlamydosporia colonises food crops and promotes their growth and yield. When colonising the plant, P. chlamydosporia induces the plant immunity (PI). However, it also evades the PI. To do this, both endophytic NF and pathogenic fungi (PF) secrete LysM effectors (LysM-effs). LysM effectors have been shown to have diverse functions in different organisms, including the protection of fungal chitin from plant chitinases. P. chlamydosporia is resistant to chitosan, which modulates gene expression in fungi and plants and has antimicrobial properties. P. chlamydosporia chitin deacetylases (CDA) and chitosanases (CSN) also help P. chlamydosporia evade plant immunity, resist exogenous chitosan, and are induced during fungal infection of nematode eggs. NF-chitosan formulations are new biomanagement tools against plant parasitic nematodes, fungal wilt pathogens and insect pests that currently threaten food security crops. Furthermore, omics techniques are useful tools to elucidate the role of CDAs, CSNs, LysM-effs, adhesion proteins and carbohydrate-active enzymes in pathogen–BCA–plant interactions, adhesion and infection to nematode eggs and their modulation by chitosan.
  • 576
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of Flagella during Pathogenesis
Clostridioides difficile is an important pathogen for humans with a lead in nosocomial infection, but it is also more and more common in communities. The disruption of the gut microbiota by an antibiotic treatment enables the colonization of the gut by C. difficile and provides a metabolic niche for the bacteria with a transient increase in the nutrient availability. The flagellar apparatus possibly contributes to its settling in the following ways: (a) by providing force-driven motility to nutrients, (b) by promoting adherence to host cells, (c) by promoting biofilm formation, and (d) by acting as an immunomodulator by triggering proinflammatory cytokines through the Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) signaling pathway.
  • 67
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Microorganisms in Fermented Mare Milk Products
Mare milk is consumed by approximatively 30 million people in the world. In countries in Asia and East Europe, mare milk is mainly consumed as source of fermented products, called koumiss, airag or chigee, alcoholic beverages obtained by means of a culture of bacteria and lactose-fermenting yeasts. Recent research concerning mare milk and its derivatives deals mainly with their potential employment for human health. 
  • 74
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Proteomics of Toxigenic Corynebacteria
Within the genus Corynebacterium, six species are potential carriers of the tox gene, which encodes the highly potent diphtheria exotoxin: Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium belfantii, Corynebacterium rouxii, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Corynebacterium silvaticum. Based on their potential to infect different host species and cause either human infections, zoonotic diseases or infections of economically important animals, these bacteria are of high scientific and economic interest and different research groups have carried out proteome analyses. These showed that especially the combination of MS-based proteomics with bioinformatic tools helped significantly to elucidate the functional aspects of corynebacterial genomes and to handle the genome and proteome complexity.
  • 76
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Drought-Adapted Mediterranean Diet Plants
The Mediterranean diet features plant-based foods renowned for their health benefits derived from bioactive compounds.
  • 83
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Triboelectric Nanogenerators in Point-of-Care Diagnostics
In the constantly evolving field of medical diagnostics, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) stand out as a groundbreaking innovation for simultaneously harnessing mechanical energy from micromovements and sensing stimuli from both the human body and the ambient environment. This advancement diminishes the dependence of biosensors on external power sources and paves the way for the application of TENGs in self-powered medical devices, especially in the realm of point-of-care diagnostics.
  • 71
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Methods for Determining Bacterial Contamination of Platelet Products
A wide variety of direct and indirect methods have been used to test platelets for the presence of bacterial contamination, and those that are in current use will be discussed. Tests performed on platelet products have been defined by the recent US FDA guidance document on this subject as primary and secondary. Primary testing is the initial bacterial detection test, usually by culture, performed following collection and before release of products for transfusion. Secondary testing is any additional test to detect bacteria in a platelet unit that showed no bacterial contamination upon primary testing. Secondary testing can be by culture or rapid testing methods.
  • 78
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Influencing Factors on Root Exudate-Rhizobacteria Interactions
The rhizosphere, the narrow zone of soil influenced by the plant root system, is a dynamic environment where complex interplay between plants and soil microbes occurs, and it may contain up to 1011 cells/g of root, with more than 30,000 bacterial species. There are various signals in the rhizosphere, including QS signals among microorganisms and root exudate signals from plants to microorganisms.
  • 80
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa and is associated with various gastrointestinal disorders. H. pylori is a pervasive pathogen, infecting nearly 50% of the world’s population, and presents a substantial concern due to its link with gastric cancer, ranking as the third most common cause of global cancer-related mortality. 
  • 169
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Microbial Therapy and Breast Cancer Management
Microorganisms play an indirect role in affecting the emergence, natural course, and/or severity of various cancers. The presence of a unique microbiome in breast tissue, previously unacknowledged, has gained recognition through research. Microbiome dissimilarities have been observed between healthy and cancerous breast tissue, implying that cancer may disturb the natural balance of the microbiome in this area. Interestingly, breast tumor tissue showed a decrease in total bacterial DNA, and an inverse relationship was observed between the bacterial DNA load and advanced cancer stages.
  • 95
  • 05 Feb 2024
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