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Topic Review
Calmodulin-Connexin in Gap Junction Channel Regulation-Calmodulin-Cork Gating Model
In the past four decades numerous findings have indicated that gap junction channel gating is mediated by intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+i]) in the high nanomolar range via calmodulin (CaM). We believe that CaM directly closes the channel by a cork-like gating mechanism.
  • 574
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mediators of RNA Loading into Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a family of membrane-coated vesicles with different proteomic and lipidomic profile, as well as different size. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) cooperate in the gene regulatory networks with other biomolecules, including coding RNAs, DNAs and proteins. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in transcriptional and translation regulation at different levels. Intriguingly, ncRNAs can be packed in vesicles, released in the extracellular space, and finally internalized by receiving cells, thus affecting gene expression also at distance. 
  • 438
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Phase Separation of Intrinsically Disordered Nucleolar Proteins
The process of phase separation allows for the establishment and formation of subcompartmentalized structures, thus enabling cells to perform simultaneous processes with precise organization and low energy requirements. Chemical modifications of proteins, RNA, and lipids alter the molecular environment facilitating enzymatic reactions at higher concentrations in particular regions of the cell. 
  • 666
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Role of MSCs-Sourced Secretome in Liver Regeneration
Liver fibrosis is a wound healing response that degenerates, and is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that form scar tissue. Liver transplantation is often needed as a course of treatment for patients in critical conditions, but limitations associated with transplantation prompted the continuous search for alternative therapeutic strategies. Cell therapy with stem cells has emerged as an attractive option in order to stimulate tissue regeneration and liver repair. Transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could trans-differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells and, moreover, show anti-fibrotic and immunomodulatory effects.
  • 789
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Aging Potentials of Methylene Blue
Methylene blue (MB), as the first fully man-made medicine, has a wide range of clinical applications. Apart from its well-known applications in surgical staining, malaria, and methemoglobinemia, the anti-oxidative properties of MB recently brought new attention to this century-old drug. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in systematic aging that affects many different tissues, including the brain and skin. This leads to increased oxidative stress and results in downstream phenotypes under age-related conditions. MB can bypass Complex I/III activity in mitochondria and diminish oxidative stress to some degree. MB also shows broad spectrum UV absorption capability.
  • 2.2K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Efficient Mucosal Repair Limits Morbidity from Colic
Colic is a leading cause of death in horses, with the most fatal form being strangulating obstruction which directly damages the intestinal barrier. Following surgical intervention, it is imperative that the intestinal barrier rapidly repairs to prevent translocation of gut bacteria and their products and ensure survival of the patient. Age-related disparities in survival have been noted in many species, including horses, humans, and pigs, with younger patients suffering poorer clinical outcomes. Maintenance and repair of the intestinal barrier is regulated by a complex mucosal microenvironment, of which the ENS, and particularly a developing network of subepithelial enteric glial cells, may be of particular importance in neonates with colic. Postnatal development of an immature enteric glial cell network is thought to be driven by the microbial colonization of the gut and therefore modulated by diet-influenced changes in bacterial populations early in life.
  • 476
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Crizotinib-Treated ALK+ ALCL
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare type of T-cell lymphoma, accounting for 10 to 20% of childhood lymphomas. ALK-positive ALCL (ALK+ ALCL) in children carry a characteristic t(2;5) (p23;q35) chromosomal translocation, leading to the constitutive activation of the oncogenic fusion protein nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK, which drives lymphomagenesis . 
  • 364
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
CXCL13 in Cancer and Other Diseases
C-X-C chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) and its receptor, CXCR5, make crucial contributions to this process by triggering intracellular signaling cascades in malignant cells and modulating the sophisticated TME in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. The CXCL13/CXCR5 axis has a dominant role in B cell recruitment and tertiary lymphoid structure formation, which activate immune responses against some tumors. In most cancer types, the CXCL13/CXCR5 axis mediates pro-neoplastic immune reactions by recruiting suppressive immune cells into tumor tissues. Tobacco smoke and haze (smohaze) and the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene induce the secretion of CXCL13 by lung epithelial cells, which contributes to environmental lung carcinogenesis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Role of TCA Cycle-Related Enzymes in Human Diseases
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the citrate acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions to form energy required for cellular function through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. There are eight enzymes in the TCA cycle that oxidize acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and genetic or non-genetic alterations in these enzymes are closely associated with human diseases, especially cancer and neurodegeneration, but the role of these eight enzymes remains unclear.
  • 950
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Detection of Sepsis in Platelets
The incidence of sepsis varies depending on the hospital studied, being higher in those dealing with more clinically severe patients, such as cancer hospitals.
  • 526
  • 09 Dec 2021
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