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Topic Review
Functions of Astrocytes after a Brain Disease
Neurons and glia (astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendroglia, and microglia) are the neural cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Glial cells have different functions; microglia are the resident macrophages in the CNS, oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelin production, NG2-positive glia is consistent with an oligodendrocyte progenitor function, and astrocytes play an important role both in homeostasis and in diseases. 
  • 262
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Functions of Lysosomes
Lysosomes are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells and are responsible for various cellular functions, including endocytic degradation, extracellular secretion, and signal transduction. There are dozens of proteins localized to the lysosomal membrane that control the transport of ions and substances across the membrane and are integral to lysosomal function. Mutations or aberrant expression of these proteins trigger a variety of disorders, making them attractive targets for drug development for lysosomal disorder-related diseases. 
  • 765
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Functions of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
The pathophysiological process of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is very complex, involving various mechanisms such as apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation. As one of the key factors, the inflammatory response is responsible for the pathological process of acute brain injury and is associated with the prognosis of patients. Abnormal or dysregulated inflammatory responses after ICH can aggravate cell damage in the injured brain tissue. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multiprotein complex distributed in the cytosol, which can be triggered by multiple signals. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated after ICH, thus promoting neuroinflammation and aggravating brain edema.
  • 500
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Functions of Organelle Membrane Extensions in Mammalian Cells
Within cells, there are numerous compartments called ‘organelles’ that perform a range of specialised functions required to support life. Organelles are constantly adapting to their environment, changing shape and cooperating with each other depending on the cellular needs, which is essential for cell health as defects in these processes lead to human diseases. Organelles within eukaryotic cells are not isolated static compartments, instead being morphologically diverse and highly dynamic in order to respond to cellular needs and carry out their diverse and cooperative functions. 
  • 189
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Furin in Type 2 Diabetes
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are chemical or enzymatic alterations that occur on proteins after they are synthesized from their corresponding genes. They are essential for protein function and are involved in various biological processes, including protein folding, localization, stability, activity, and interaction with other proteins. Proprotein convertases (PCs) are irreversible post-translational modifiers that have been extensively studied and are considered as key targets for novel therapeutics. They cleave proteins at specific sites causing conformational changes affecting their functions. Furin is considered as a PC model in regulating growth factors and is involved in regulating many pro-proteins. 
  • 272
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gain of Function Mutant p53 in Cancer
The tumor suppressor p53, encoded by the TP53 gene and known as “the guardian of the genome”, performs a variety of functions in cancer prevention.
  • 795
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Galectin-16 Gene in Human Cells and Tissues
Galectins are soluble β-galactoside binding proteins, which are involved in regulation of multiple cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune responses. Sixteen galectin genes have been identified in animals, 12 of which are expressed in humans. Out of all galectins, galectin-16 is poorly characterized yet and current knowledge suggest that this is a tissue-specific gene with functions and expression limited to placenta and brain among others.
  • 341
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Galectin-3 Targeting Drugs in Various Diseases
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is one of the most studied members of the galectin family that mediate various biological processes such as growth regulation, immune function, cancer metastasis, and apoptosis. Since Gal3 is pro-inflammatory, it is involved in many diseases that are associated with chronic inflammation such as cancer, organ fibrosis, and type 2 diabetes.
  • 308
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Gallic Acid Activates KDM2A
KDM2A is a member of one group of α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenases. KDM2A in the rDNA promoter is activated by nutrient starvation, to reduce rRNA transcription and cell proliferation. While gallic acid functions as an antioxidant, gallic acid autoxidation also produces significant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gallic acid activates KDM2A to reduce rRNA transcription and cell proliferation in breast cancer MCF-7 cells but not in non-tumorous MCS10A cells. The activation of KDM2A by gallic acid depends on ROS production and AMPK activation.
  • 663
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gangliosides and Ganglioside GD3-Binding Proteins
Ganglioside GD3 is a major ganglioside in neuronal progenitor cells. Highly sialylated gangliosides, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b are the main gangliosides in adult neurons. GD3 is implicated in cell attachment and cell-to-cell interaction during embryogenesis. Anti-ganglioside GD3 monoclonal antibody (clone:R24) coimmunoprecipitates heterotrimeric G protein Goα, GPI-anchored neuronal cell adhesion molecule TAG-1, Src-family kinase Lyn and Csk -binding protein Cbp from rat cerebellar granule cells. Ganglioside GD3 is involved in the migration of granule cells during the early stage of cerebellar development via these GD3-binding proteins.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Apr 2023
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