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Topic Review
Radiotracers Available for Cancer and Disease
Various factors have been linked to abnormal metabolic reprogramming, including gene mutations, epigenetic modifications, altered protein epitopes, and their involvement in the development of disease, including cancer. The presence of multiple distinct hallmarks and the resulting cellular reprogramming process have gradually revealed that these metabolism-related molecules may be able to be used to track or prevent the progression of cancer. Consequently, translational medicines have been developed using metabolic substrates, precursors, and other products depending on their biochemical mechanism of action. It is important to note that these metabolic analogs can also be used for imaging and therapeutic purposes in addition to competing for metabolic functions. In particular, due to their isotopic labeling, these compounds may also be used to localize and visualize tumor cells after uptake.
  • 547
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Radiation Exposure on Caenorhabditis elegans
Knowledge regarding complex radiation responses in biological systems can be enhanced using genetically amenable model organisms. In this manuscript, we reviewed the use of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), as a model organism to investigate radiation’s biological effects. Diverse types of experiments were conducted on C. elegans, using acute and chronic exposure to different ionizing radiation types, and to assess various biological responses. These responses differed based on the type and dose of radiation and the chemical substances in which the worms were grown or maintained. 
  • 822
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
RAD52 in Genome Maintenance
The maintenance of genome integrity is critical for cell survival. Homologous recombination (HR) is considered the major error-free repair pathway in combatting endogenously generated double-stranded lesions in DNA. Nevertheless, a number of alternative repair pathways have been described as protectors of genome stability, especially in HR-deficient cells. One of the factors that appears to have a role in many of these pathways is human RAD52, a DNA repair protein that was previously considered to be dispensable due to a lack of an observable phenotype in knock-out mice. In later studies, RAD52 deficiency has been shown to be synthetically lethal with defects in BRCA genes, making RAD52 an attractive therapeutic target, particularly in the context of BRCA-deficient tumors.
  • 512
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Racial Disparity in Quadruple Negative Breast Cancer
Black/African-American (AA) women, relative to their White/European-American (EA) counterparts, experience disproportionately high breast cancer mortality. Central to this survival disparity, Black/AA women have an unequal burden of aggressive breast cancer subtypes, such as triple-negative breast cancer (ER/PR-, HER2-wild type; TNBC). Quadruple negative breast cancer (QNBC), a subgroup of triple negative breast cancer, has emerged as a highly aggressive breast cancer subtype that disproportionately afflicts and impacts Black/African-American (AA) women.
  • 321
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Rac1 Activation, Choroidal Endothelial Cell
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is an intracellular Rho GTPase that acts as a biologic switch in response to external stimuli. In studies testing the effects of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-related stresses, activation of Rac1 was found to be necessary for choroidal endothelial cell invasion into the neural retina to form vision-threatening macular neovascularization. This entry summarizes the regulators of Rac1 activation, effectors of active Rac1 in choroidal endothelial cells, and mechanisms by which active Rap1, a Ras-like GTPase, may prevent active Rac1-mediated choroidal endothelial cell migration.
  • 464
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Rabbit Melanocytes
Melanogenesis is a complex process of the synthesis and storage of melanin initiated by tyrosinase, which is synthesized by melanocytes, after it enters the melanosomes. Melanogenesis plays an important role in the formation of different coat colors in mammals. There are two distinct types of melanin pigments: eumelanin and pheomelanin, the proportions of which determine the coat color of the animal.
  • 712
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Quantitative Super-Resolution Imaging and GPCR Oligomerization Analysis
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors in eukaryotic cells. These seven-transmembrane receptors have influence in physiological events such as cell to cell communication, immune responses, nerve transmission and even hunger and sleep regulation. The role of GPCRs in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, heart disease, cancer, obesity, and neurodegenerative disorders accentuates the need to investigate this family of receptors further. More than a third of all drugs approved by the FDA target GPCRs but often such drugs have a variety of poorly understood mechanisms, as a recent example surrounding opioid receptor agonists illustrates.
  • 443
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pyrvinium Pamoate Mechanisms of Action as an Anti-Cancer Agent
Pyrvinium, a lipophilic cation belonging to the cyanine dye family, has been used in the clinic as a safe and effective anthelminthic for over 70 years. Its structure, similar to some polyaminopyrimidines and mitochondrial-targeting peptoids, has been linked with mitochondrial localization and targeting. Unsurprisingly for a small-molecule compound, pyrvinium pamoate (PP) has been shown to act through multiple mechanisms. The majority of the published articles assessing PP specifically as an anticancer therapeutic have focused on two main MOA, which appear to be at the root of PP action: inhibition of the WNT pathway and inhibition of mitochondrial function.
  • 410
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pyroptosis in Brief
This comprehensive entry delves into the intricate world of pyroptosis, a captivating phenomenon in cellular biology and immunology. It provides a comprehensive exploration of pyroptosis, from its historical context to its multifaceted mechanisms, regulatory intricacies, physiological functions, and its relevance in health and disease. Pyroptosis represents a unique blend of programmed cell death and inflammatory responses, challenging conventional categorizations and sparking curiosity across diverse scientific disciplines. The research highlights the central role of inflammasomes in orchestrating pyroptosis and its interplay with innate immunity. Overall, this entry offers a brief dive into the fascinating world of pyroptosis, its implications, and its potential for future research and therapeutic applications.
  • 255
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Purinergic Signaling in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Activated immune cells have the potential to eliminate tumor cells, but cancers gain the ability to suppress immune cell functions and escape immune attack. The researchers explored one mechanism that cancers use to evade immune cells in colorectal cancer. This mechanism alters levels of molecules known as purines. Purines are key players in cellular energetics and many cellular processes and can also lead to immune suppression in cancer.
  • 480
  • 21 Nov 2022
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