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Topic Review
Comparison of Histone H3K4me3
Histones are alkaline proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes. H3K4me3 is highly enriched in gene promoter regions. A gain in H3K4me3 enrichment is associated with active gene transcription, open chromatin, and loss of DNA methylation. H3K4me3 has been adopted as a marker to identify transcriptionally active genes.
  • 512
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Conditioned Media from Radioresistant and Chemoresistant Cancer Cells
Chemoradiation therapy (CRT) is a commonly indicated treatment in the case of cancer. In combination with surgery or alone, it offers a relief of condition or even a cure for some patients. Resistance to chemo- or radiotherapy is the main obstacle to consistent treatment outcomes in oncology patients.
  • 102
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Connective Tissue
This is an overview of the main molecular components, structural organization and main functions of the connective tissue, which is constitutively present in tissues and organs of the body. Connective tissue is known to provide structural and functional “glue” properties to other tissues. It contains cellular and molecular components that are arranged in several dynamic organizations. Connective tissue is the focus of numerous genetic and nongenetic diseases. Genetic diseases of the connective tissue belong to minority or rare diseases, but no less important than the nongenetic diseases.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Connexins and cAMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a small molecule that acts as a second messenger in mediating intracellular signal transduction.
  • 569
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Connexins in Cancer
The expression, localization, and function of connexins, the protein subunits that comprise gap junctions, are often altered in cancer. In addition to cell–cell coupling through gap junction channels, connexins also form hemichannels that allow communication between the cell and the extracellular space and perform non-junctional intracellular activities. Historically, connexins have been considered tumor suppressors; however, they can also serve tumor-promoting functions in some contexts. Here, we review the literature surrounding connexins in cancer cells in terms of specific connexin functions and propose that connexins function upstream of most, if not all, of the hallmarks of cancer. The development of advanced connexin targeting approaches remains an opportunity for the field to further interrogate the role of connexins in cancer phenotypes, particularly through the use of in vivo models. More specific modulators of connexin function will both help elucidate the functions of connexins in cancer and advance connexin-specific therapies in the clinic.
  • 701
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Connexins in Tumor Microenvironment Initiation and Maintenance
Connexins are proteins which comprise gap junctions in cells. These junctions can directly connect neighboring cells and the cell interior with the extracellular microenvironment and thus they act as tissue integrators. In addition, connexins perform a variety of non-channel functions. Alterations in connexin regulation can lead to unfavorable shifts in the tissue adhesive context thus eradicating the constraints of the normal tissue microenvironment, triggering (or enhancing) cancerogenesis and further tumor progression.
  • 183
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Contribution of Lactate Metabolism in Cancer Progress
The Warburg effect describes a unique phenomenon that cancers incline to shift the mode of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis in spite of abundant oxygen. Lactate is the main production of glycolysis, which contains two isomers, L-lactate and D-lactate. The accumulation of high lactate in solid tumors and its extracellular environment is considered as the key and early evidence of malignant development, which is associated with a poor prognosis. Lactate reprograms the tumor microenvironment (TME) to have profound effects on cancer cell phenotype and is conducive to the progress of cancer that involves the eight biological capabilities acquired of cancer: sustaining cell proliferation, promoting growth, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, reprogramming energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction. Lactate’s contribution to cancer is not only the respiratory fuel but also the regulator of intracellular and extracellular molecular signaling in the TME.
  • 496
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Control of Protein Synthesis by ERdj1, ERdj2, ERdj6
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mammalian cells is the central organelle for the maturation and folding of transmembrane proteins and for proteins destined to be secreted into the extracellular space. The proper folding of target proteins is achieved and supervised by a complex endogenous chaperone machinery. BiP, a member of the Hsp70 protein family, is the central chaperone in the ER. The chaperoning activity of BiP is assisted by ER-resident DnaJ (ERdj) proteins due to their ability to stimulate the low, intrinsic ATPase activity of BiP. Besides their co-chaperoning activity, ERdj proteins also regulate and tightly control the translation, translocation, and degradation of proteins. Three ERdj co-chaperones, ERdj1, ERdj2, and ERdj6, are functionally involved in the control of translation and translocation of ER target proteins. 
  • 683
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Convection Enhanced Delivery
Convection enhanced delivery (CED), first described by Bobo et al. in 1994, remains a promising technique for circumventing the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and delivering therapy in a non-diffusion dependent manner, thereby facilitating high local concentrations of infusate.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Coordination between Rac1 and Rab Proteins
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is a member of the family of the typical Rho guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolases (GTPases), which are known for their role in several cellular processes such as cytoskeleton organization, gene expression regulation, and cell migration. The small GTPases of the Rho family regulate many aspects of actin dynamics, but are functionally connected to many other cellular processes. Rac1, a member of this family, besides its known function in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton, plays a key role in the production of reactive oxygen species, in gene transcription, in DNA repair, and also has been proven to have specific roles in neurons. 
  • 317
  • 19 May 2022
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