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Topic Review
Endothelial Cell Membrane Damage and Repair
Endothelial cells are the crucial inner lining of blood vessels, which are pivotal in vascular homeostasis and integrity. However, these cells are perpetually subjected to a myriad of mechanical, chemical, and biological stresses that can compromise their plasma membranes. A sophisticated repair system involving key molecules, such as calcium, annexins, dysferlin, and MG53, is essential for maintaining endothelial viability. These components orchestrate complex mechanisms, including exocytosis and endocytosis, to repair membrane disruptions.
  • 346
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Golgi Metal Ion Homeostasis (Ca2+/Mn2+)
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Being part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it resides at the intersection of the exocytic and endocytic pathways, and works mainly in post-translational modifications and sorting of lipids and proteins. One unique characteristic of the Golgi is the multilayer stack that divides the Golgi membrane system into several sub-compartments known as cis-, medial, and trans-Golgi, each of which contains a set of glycosylation enzymes that sequentially remove or add various sugar monomers to proteins as they pass through the Golgi. To fulfill its function, the Golgi structure is highly dynamic, while Golgi structure and function are tightly regulated. Similarly, the microenvironment of each sub-compartment is also under strict regulation in response to intracellular environmental changes.
  • 345
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approaches of Radioresistance in NSCLC
Survival in unresectable locally advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients remains poor despite chemoradiotherapy. Adjuvant immunotherapy improved survival for these patients but it is still far from curing most of the patients with only a 57% survival remaining at 3 years. This poor survival is due to the resistance to chemoradiotherapy, local relapses, and distant relapses. Several biological mechanisms have been found to be involved in the chemoradioresistance such as cancer stem cells, cancer mutation status, or the immune system. New drugs to overcome this radioresistance in NSCLCs have been investigated such as radiosensitizer treatments or immunotherapies. Different modalities of radiotherapy have also been investigated to improve efficacity such as dose escalation or proton irradiations.
  • 345
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Ca2+ Sensor STIM in Human Diseases
The STIM family of proteins plays a crucial role in a plethora of cellular functions through the regulation of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and, thus, intracellular calcium homeostasis. The two members of the mammalian STIM family, STIM1 and STIM2, are transmembrane proteins that act as Ca2+ sensors in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and, upon Ca2+ store discharge, interact with and activate the Orai/CRACs in the plasma membrane. Dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling leads to the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and immune disorders. 
  • 345
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Roles of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis in Arteriovenous Fistula
Renal failure is a worldwide disease with a continuously increasing prevalence and involving a rising need for long-term treatment, mainly by haemodialysis. Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the favourite type of vascular access for haemodialysis; however, the lasting success of this therapy depends on its maturation, which is directly influenced by many concomitant processes such as vein wall thickening or inflammation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive AVF maturation and failure can highlight new or combinatorial drugs for more personalized therapy. 
  • 344
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
ZEB Family Members in Cancer Progression
Post-translational modification (PTM), the essential regulatory mechanisms of proteins, play essential roles in physiological and pathological processes. In addition, PTM functions in tumour development and progression. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox (ZEB) family homeodomain transcription factors, such as ZEB1 and ZEB2, play a pivotal role in tumour progression and metastasis by induction epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), with activation of stem cell traits, immune evasion and epigenetic reprogramming.
  • 345
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
cAMP-Related Macromolecular Complexes Regulating CFTR Opening
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). These molecules, known as CFTR modulators, have led to unprecedented improvements in the lung function and quality of life of most CF patients. However, the efficacy of these drugs is still suboptimal, and the clinical response is highly variable even among individuals bearing the same mutation. Furthermore, not all patients carrying rare CFTR mutations are eligible for CFTR modulator therapies, indicating the need for alternative and/or add-on therapeutic approaches. Because the second messenger 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) represents the primary trigger for CFTR activation and a major regulator of different steps of the life cycle of the channel, there is growing interest in devising ways to fine-tune the cAMP signaling pathway for therapeutic purposes.
  • 344
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
MiRNAs in Comparative Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a high-grade malignant tumor of bone composed of mesenchymal cells (malignant osteoblasts) that is able to produce an immature woven bone and osteoid matrix. 
  • 343
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
BRCA1 and Metastasis: Outcome of Defective DNA Repair
BRCA1 has critical functions in accurately repairing double stand breaks in the DNA through a process known as homologous recombination. BRCA1 also has various functions in other cellular processes that safeguard the genome. Thus, mutations or silencing of this tumor suppressor significantly increases the risk of developing breast, ovarian, and other cancers. The objective of this review is to provide significant insights into the mechanisms by which BRCA1 mutations contribute to the metastatic and aggressive nature of the tumor cells. 
  • 343
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Telocytes in Modulating Gut Motility Function and Development
Telocytes (TCs) are interstitial cells with distinct features. They have extensions that react to mechanical stimulation through calcium channels. The ability of TCs to communicate with surrounding cells, especially stem cells (SCs), through gap junctions and extracellular vesicles opens a wide range of questions. Moreover, the hypothesis that TCs are capable of carrying out the cellular niche for stem cell regulation and support suggests that TCs could play an important part in the response to major changes in homeostasis. It also suggests that TCs have a significant functional role in tissues that have an increased turnover.
  • 343
  • 25 Sep 2023
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