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Topic Review
CAR T Cells
Cells are also used as a therapeutic tool. In this type of immunotherapy, the patient’s T cells are genetically engineered ex vivo to express a CAR that recognizes a specific antigen present on the surface of the tumor cells. After reinfusion of these cells in the patient’s circulation, the binding between the CAR T cells and the cancer cells induces a cytotoxic response. One example of this therapy currently being used in clinics is for the treatment of advanced B-cell lymphomas, resulting in complete remission in 30 to 40 % of the patients. Importantly, it needs to be emphasized that CAR T cells are used last in line as a therapeutic strategy to suppress tumor cells. This means that the T cells are often isolated from the patients after various treatments, including chemotherapy that can alter the metabolic phenotype of the T cells (mitochondrial damage and metabolic alterations). Therefore, metabolism is an important aspect in the conception and the anti-tumoral activity of a CAR T cell.
  • 453
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
In Vitro Human Cancer Models for Biomedical Applications
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and its incidence is steadily increasing. Although years of research have been conducted on cancer treatment, clinical treatment options for cancers are still limited. Animal cancer models have been widely used for studies of cancer therapeutics, but these models have been associated with many concerns, including inaccuracy in the representation of human cancers, high cost and ethical issues. Therefore, in vitro human cancer models are being developed quickly to fulfill the increasing demand for more relevant models in order to get a better knowledge of human cancers and to find novel treatments.
  • 453
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Mammalian Circadian Rhythms and Ubiquitin Ligases
Circadian clocks evolved to enable organisms to anticipate and prepare for periodic environmental changes driven by the day–night cycle. This internal timekeeping mechanism is built on autoregulatory transcription–translation feedback loops that control the rhythmic expression of core clock genes and their protein products. The levels of clock proteins rise and ebb throughout a 24-h period through their rhythmic synthesis and destruction. In the ubiquitin–proteasome system, the process of polyubiquitination, or the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin chain, marks a protein for degradation by the 26S proteasome. The process is regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases, which recognize specific substrates for ubiquitination.
  • 453
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
GPR15 in Vascular Tissue
GPR15 as a member of the Class A (rhodopsin) orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family  has been recently deorphanized by identification of two endogenous receptor-activating ligands in human. Interestingly, in vascular tissue they interact apparently with different cell types. While one ligand triggers a cytoprotective effect on endothelial cells from the luminal site of vessels, the other ligand is rather responsible for the homing of GPR15-expressing lymphocytes into the colon. Thus, in addition to the role of GPR15 as a co-receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or to the expansion of GPR15-expressing lymphocytes in blood by chronic smoking this review will summarize findings to the role of GPR15 for vascular tissue based on new described receptor-ligand interactions.
  • 452
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) proteome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) pathology, subclassification, and patient screening is unexplored. Here, we used an in vitro model of Germinal center B-cell like (GCB - good prognosis) and activated B-cell (ABC - poor prognosis) subtypes to propose potential drug targets and biomarkers. 
  • 452
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Inflammation in Cancer Cachexia
Cachexia, a type of metabolic syndrome linked to the disease, is associated with a dysregulation of metabolic pathways. Cancer Cachexia is a subtle condition that reduces patients’ quality of life by impairing their response to therapy and survival. Inflammatory mediators that may play a role in the pathogenesis of neoplastic cachexia, for example, overlap with those that may play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Cachexia is a complication of cancer-related malnutrition associated with catabolic/hypermetabolic changes.
  • 452
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Hsp90α and Hsp90β
Hsp90α and Hsp90β are both ubiquitously expressed in all cell types, but assigned for distinct and irreplaceable functions. Hsp90β is essential during mouse development and Hsp90α only maintains male reproductivity in adult mice. Neither Hsp90β nor Hsp90α could substitute each other under these biological processes. Hsp90β alone maintains cell survival in culture and Hsp90α cannot substitute it. Hsp90α also has extracellular functions under stress and Hsp90β does not.
  • 453
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Pediatric Brain Tumors' Cancer Stem Cells
Primary malignant brain tumors are the most common solid neoplasm in childhood. Despite recent advances, many children affected by aggressive or metastatic brain tumors still present poor prognosis, therefore the development of more effective therapies is urgent. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been discovered and isolated in both pediatric and adult patients with brain tumors (e.g., medulloblastoma, gliomas and ependymoma). CSCs are a small clonal population of cancer cells responsible for brain tumor initiation, maintenance and progression, displaying resistance to conventional anticancer therapies. CSCs are characterized by a specific repertoire of surface markers and intracellular specific pathways. These unique features of CSCs biology offer the opportunity to build therapeutic approaches to specifically target these cells in the complex tumor bulk.
  • 452
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
MSCs - Gene Delivery Tool
To clearly define MSCs, and develop universal criteria for such cell population, the Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) proposed a set of standards for pre-clinical research studies. The minimal criteria of MSCs as determined by the ISCT are the following ones: The MSCs population must be plastic-adherent when maintained in tissue culture vessels under standard culture conditions.
  • 451
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Post-Ischemic Tau Protein
Recent data suggest that post-ischemic brain neurodegeneration in humans and animals is associated with the modified tau protein in a manner typical of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology. Pathological changes in the tau protein, at the gene and protein level due to cerebral ischemia, can lead to the development of Alzheimer’s disease-type neuropathology and dementia. Some studies have shown increased tau protein staining and gene expression in neurons following ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. Recent studies have found the tau protein to be associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier permeability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired neuronal function. In this review, we discuss the interrelationship of these phenomena with post-ischemic changes in the tau protein in the brain. The tau protein may be at the intersection of many pathological mechanisms due to severe neuropathological changes in the brain following ischemia. The data indicate that an episode of cerebral ischemia activates the damage and death of neurons in the hippocampus in a tau protein-dependent manner, thus determining a novel and important mechanism for the survival and/or death of neuronal cells following ischemia. In this review, we update our understanding of proteomic and genomic changes in the tau protein in post-ischemic brain injury and present the relationship between the modified tau protein and post-ischemic neuropathology and present a positive correlation between the modified tau protein and a post-ischemic neuropathology that has characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease-type neurodegeneration. 
  • 451
  • 29 Oct 2021
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