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Topic Review
Exosomes to Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents an aggressive and heterogenous group of cancers whose pathologies remain largely unresolved. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles secreted by a variety of cells that have begun to spark significant interest in their roles in cancer. As membranous vesicles, spanning from 30–150 nm in diameter, exosomes mediate the transport of various molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, intercellularly throughout the body. In doing so, exosomes not only act to deliver materials to cancer cells but also as signals that can confer their progression. Accumulating evidence shows the direct correlation between exosomes and the aggressiveness of HNSCC. 
  • 457
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Traps in Disease/Protection
The first formal description of the microbicidal activity of extracellular traps (ETs) containing DNA occurred in neutrophils in 2004. Since then, ETs have been identified in different populations of cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Much of the knowledge has been obtained from in vitro or ex vivo studies; however, in vivo evaluations in experimental models and human biological materials have corroborated some of the results obtained. Two types of ETs have been described—suicidal and vital ETs, with or without the death of the producer cell. The studies showed that the same cell type may have more than one ETs formation mechanism and that different cells may have similar ETs formation mechanisms. ETs can act by controlling or promoting the mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of various infectious and non-infectious diseases, such as autoimmune, cardiovascular, thrombotic, and neoplastic diseases, among others.
  • 456
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nucleobindin-2/Nesfatin-1
Nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2) was first described in 1994 in KM3 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line as a DNA binding/EF-hand/acidic-amino acid-rich protein. It has been extensively studied since Oh-I et al. identified nesftain-1 as a NUCB2 cleavage product. Several reports indicate that NUCB2/NESF-1 is also expressed in many organs and tissues (e.g., in the stomach, pancreas, heart, reproductive organs, and adipose tissue).
  • 456
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Single-Molecule Magnetic Sequencing
Magnetic sequencing is a single-molecule sequencing method in development. A DNA hairpin, containing the sequence of interest, is bound between a magnetic bead and a glass surface. A magnetic field is applied to stretch the hairpin open into single strands, and the hairpin refolds after decreasing of the magnetic field. The hairpin length can be determined by direct imaging of the diffraction rings of the magnetic beads using a simple microscope. The DNA sequences are determined by measuring the changes in the hairpin length following successful hybridization of complementary nucleotides.
  • 456
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
P-21 Activated Kinases in Liver Disorders
The p21 Activated Kinases (PAKs) are serine threonine kinases and play important roles in many biological processes, including cell growth, survival, cytoskeletal organization, migration, and morphology. PAKs have emerged in the process of liver disorders, including liver cancer, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, hepatitis, and liver fibrosis, owing to their effects in multiple signaling pathways in various cell types. Activation of PAKs promotes liver cancer growth and metastasis and contributes to the resistance of liver cancer to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, leading to poor survival of patients. PAKs also play important roles in the development and progression of hepatitis and other pathological processes of the liver such as fibrosis and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  • 456
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Notch in Hematological Malignancies
Notch receptors are single-pass transmembrane proteins that play a critical role in cell fate decisions and have been implicated in the regulation of many developmental processes. The human Notch family comprises of four receptors (Notch 1 to 4) and five ligands. Their signaling can regulate extremely basic cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation and death. Notch is also involved in hematopoiesis and angiogenesis, and increasing evidence suggests that these genes are involved and frequently deregulated in several human malignancies, contributing to cell autonomous activities that may be either oncogenic or tumor suppressive. It was recently proposed that Notch signaling could play an active role in promoting and sustaining a broad spectrum of lymphoid malignancies as well as mutations in Notch family members that are present in several disorders of T- and B-cells, which could be responsible for altering the related signaling. Therefore, different Notch pathway molecules could be considered as potential therapeutic targets for hematological cancers.
  • 455
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol against Cervical Cancer
Overall, the scientific data show that resveratrol has the ability to target/inhibit certain signaling molecules (EGFR, VEGFR, PKC, JNK, ERK, NF-kB, and STAT3) involved in cervical cancer cell proliferation and survival. Further in vivo experiments and clinical studies are required to better understand the potential of resveratrol against cervical cancer.
  • 455
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN)
Interactions between proteins are essential to any cellular process and constitute the basis for molecular networks that determine the functional state of a cell. With the technical advances in recent years, an astonishingly high number of protein–protein interactions has been revealed. However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. To that end, we collated OGT interaction proteins experimentally identified in the past several decades and created a rigorously curated database OGT-Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN).
  • 454
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles as Novel Treatments
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) represent a promising therapy for musculoskeletal diseases. There is compelling evidence indicating that MSC effects are mainly mediated by paracrine mechanisms and in particular by the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Many studies have thus suggested that EVs may be an alternative to cell therapy with MSCs in tissue repair.
  • 454
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
S100P-Induced Cell Migration and Metastasis
The presence of S100P protein in cancer cells is strongly associated with reduced survival times of patients suffering from a number of cancers. It has been shown previously that S100P is a potent inducer of metastasis in a model system and it is likely that this metastasis-inducing ability underlies its association with reduced patient survival. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in S100P-driven metastasis are only now beginning to be elucidated and the evidence points to S100P enhancing cell migration and cell invasion.  It is now shown that in the same cell system S100P enhances cell migration by two separate mechanisms. One pathway being intracellular, involves changes in the numbers of focal adhesions.  The second pathway occurs at the cell membrane and does not involve changes in the number of focal adhesions, but involves extracellular/membrane bound S100P and is inhibited by specific inhibitors of plasmin. Importantly, mutation of the C-terminal amino acid of S100P, not only abolishes both pathways, but also markedly reduces the metastasis-inducing ability of S100P, thus identifying a possible target for the reduction of S100P-induced metastasis.
  • 454
  • 27 Oct 2021
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