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Topic Review
Role of Immunoproteasome Subunits in Cancer
Cell-mediated immunity is driven by antigenic peptide presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Specialized proteasome complexes called immunoproteasomes process viral, bacterial, and tumor antigens for presentation on MHC class I molecules, which can induce CD8 T cells to mount effective immune responses. Immunoproteasomes are distinguished by three subunits that alter the catalytic activity of the proteasome and are inducible by inflammatory stimuli such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ). This inducible activity places them in central roles in cancer, autoimmunity, and inflammation. 
  • 563
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Schlafens in Cancer Cell Biology
Schlafens (SLFN) are a family of genes widely expressed in mammals, including humans and rodents. These intriguing proteins play different roles in regulating cell proliferation, cell differentiation, immune cell growth and maturation, and inhibiting viral replication. The emerging evidence is implicating Schlafens in cancer biology and chemosensitivity. Although Schlafens share common domains and a high degree of homology, different Schlafens act differently. In particular, they show specific and occasionally opposing effects in some cancer types. 
  • 563
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Arteriovenous and Cavernous Malformations
Brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) are predominantly congenital vascular disorders that may arise anywhere inside of the central nervous system. They are comprised of one or more arterial feeders supplying a vascular nidus, and one or more draining veins. The nidus itself represents the site where arterial blood is shunted directly into the venous system without an interpolating network of capillaries.
  • 563
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cell Lines
Numerous bioactive plant additives have shown various positive effects in pigs and chickens. The demand for feed additives of natural origin has increased rapidly in recent years to support the health of farm animals and thus minimize the need for antibiotics and other drugs. Although only in vivo experiments can fully represent their effect on the organism, the establishment of reliable in vitro methods is becoming increasingly important in the goal of reducing the use of animals in experiments. The use of cell models requires strict control of the experimental conditions so that reliability and reproducibility can be achieved. In particular, the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 represents a promising model for the development of new additives. It offers the possibility to investigate antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti- or pro-proliferative and antiviral effects.
  • 562
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
AMPK in Viral Infections
Viral pathogens often exploit host cell regulatory and signaling pathways to ensure an optimal environment for growth and survival. Several studies have suggested that 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular serine/threonine kinase, plays a significant role in the modulation of infection. 
  • 562
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenols in Leukaemia
Leukaemia is a malignant disease of the blood. Current treatments for leukaemia are associated with serious side-effects. Here we discuss the potential therapeutic use of polyphenols in leukaemia. We outline the molecular mechanism of action of polyphenol in leukaemia cell lines, and discuss the pharmacological properties of polyphenols, including their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumour activities, and suggest that polyphenols are potent natural agents that can be useful therapeutically; and discuss why data on bioavailability, toxicity and metabolism is essential to evaluate their clinical use. 
  • 562
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Single B Cell Co-Expression Networks in Lung Cancer
In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there is a pressing need for immunotherapy predictive biomarkers. The processes underlying B-cell dysfunction, as well as their prognostic importance in NSCLC, are unknown. This study presents novel insights on a dysregulated B cell network that promotes proliferation in epithelial cells in NSCLC. Within this network, a nine-gene signature demonstrated prognostic and predictive indications in more than 1400 NSCLC patients using their gene and protein expression profiles in bulk tumors. Multiple genes (HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, OAS1, and CD74) differentially expressed in NSCLC B cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and tumor T cells had concordant prognostic indications at mRNA and protein expression levels. 
  • 562
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Tumor-derived exosomes in tumor-induced immune suppression
Exosomes are a class of small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles released by almost all cell types and present in all body fluids. Based on the studies of exosome content and their interactions with recipient cells, exosomes are now thought to mediate “targeted” information transfer. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) carry a cargo of molecules different from that of normal cells-derived exosomes. TEX functions to mediate distinct biological effects such as receptor discharge and intercellular cross-talk. The immune system defenses, which may initially restrict tumor progression, are progressively blunted by the broad array of TEX molecules that activate suppressive pathways in different immune cells. Herein, we provide a review of the latest research progress on TEX in the context of tumor-mediated immune suppression, and discuss the potential as well as challenges of TEX as a target of immunotherapy. 
  • 562
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Alternatively Spliced Isoforms in MAPK Signaling
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling components  that transmit signals to many cellular processes. Each of the cascades operates by a sequential activation of protein kinases organized in three or more tiers that provide a seemingly linear signal transmission. However, the cellular effects regulated by each cascade may vary significantly. To achieve these diverse effects, the specificity of each cascade is extended by distinct regulators.  Here we describe the importance of having distinct components in each tier of the cascades, particularly alternatively spliced isoforms of the MAPK components. This mode of regulation extends the cascade’s specificity and allows accurate, fine-tuned signaling outcomes that lead to proper cell fates. 
  • 561
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
HFpEF
Heart failure (HF) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming the predominant form of HF. However, medical therapy that improves cardiovascular outcome in HF patients with almost normal and normal systolic left ventricular function, but diastolic dysfunction is missing. The cause of this unmet need is incomplete understanding of HFpEF pathophysiology, the heterogeneity of the patient population, and poor matching of therapeutic mechanisms and primary pathophysiological processes.
  • 561
  • 11 Mar 2022
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