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Topic Review
Autophagy in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most prevalent hematologic malignancy. One of the significant obstacles in treating most MM patients is drug resistance, especially for individuals who have experienced relapses or developed resistance to such cutting-edge treatments. One of the critical processes in developing drug resistance in MM is autophagic activity, an intracellular self-digestive process. In multiple myeloma, it has been shown that High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1)-dependent autophagy can contribute to drug resistance.
  • 500
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Macrophage–Neuroglia Interactions in Neuronal Regeneration
The human nervous system exhibits limited regenerative capabilities following damage to the central nervous system (CNS), leading to a scarcity of effective treatments for nerve function recovery. In contrast, zebrafish demonstrate remarkable regenerative abilities, making them an ideal model for studying the modulation of inflammatory processes after injury.
  • 397
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Glioblastoma Niches
Among gliomas, malignant gliomas and more specifically glioblastomas (GBM) are a challenge in their diagnosis and treatment. Monocytes have been proved to actively participate in tumor growth, giving rise to the support of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In GBM, TAMs represent up to one-half of the tumor mass cells, including both infiltrating macrophages and resident brain microglia. Infiltrating macrophages/monocytes constituted ~ 85% of the total TAM population, they have immune functions, and they can release a wide array of growth factors and cytokines in response to those factors produced by tumor and non-tumor cells from the tumor microenvironment (TME). This cell population has been increasingly studied in GBM TME to understand its role in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. 
  • 254
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
EV-Mediated Intercellular Interactions in Stem Cell and Plasticity
In multicellular organisms, interactions between cells and intercellular communications form the very basis of the organism’s survival, the functioning of its systems, the maintenance of homeostasis and adequate response to the environment. The accumulated experimental data point to the particular importance of intercellular communications in determining the fate of cells, as well as their differentiation and plasticity. For a long time, it was believed that the properties and behavior of cells were primarily governed by the interactions of secreted or membrane-bound ligands with corresponding receptors, as well as direct intercellular adhesion contacts. 
  • 288
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Structure, Expression Regulation, and Subcellular Localization of USP16
Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 16 (USP16) is a deubiquitinase that plays a role in the regulation of gene expression, cell cycle progression, and various other functions. It was originally identified as the major deubiquitinase for histone H2A and has since been found to deubiquitinate a range of other substrates, including proteins from both the cytoplasm and nucleus. USP16 is phosphorylated when cells enter mitosis and dephosphorylated during the metaphase/anaphase transition. While much of USP16 is localized in the cytoplasm, separating the enzyme from its substrates is considered an important regulatory mechanism. Some of the functions that USP16 has been linked to include DNA damage repair, immune disease, tumorigenesis, protein synthesis, coronary artery health, and male infertility. The strong connection to immune response and the fact that multiple oncogene products are substrates of USP16 suggests that USP16 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of certain human diseases.
  • 801
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
DNA Damage and Repair Pathway
DNA injuries occur as a result of intrinsic or extrinsic agents and can include modifications to bases and sugars, single- and double-strand breaks (SSBs, DSBs), DNA-protein crosslinks, and base-free sites. While some specific DNA lesions can lead to mutations that cause cancer, the main consequence of DNA injuries is the threat they pose to DNA integrity and stability. To prevent accumulated DNA lesions from causing irreversible harm, cells initiate DDR, which senses the DNA damage, signals its presence, and mediates its repair.
  • 418
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Progenitor Cells
Vascular progenitor cells are activated to repair and form a neointima following vascular damage such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, trauma, hypoxia, primary cancerous lesions and metastases as well as catheter interventions. They play a key role not only in the resolution of the vascular lesion but also in the adult neovascularization and angiogenesis sprouting (i.e., the growth of new capillaries from pre-existing ones), often associated with carcinogenesis, favoring the formation of metastases, survival and progression of tumors.
  • 344
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres and Cancer Treatment
Telomeres are non-coding short repeat sequences (TTAGGG in vertebrates) which in combination with shelterin proteins protect the ends of linear chromosomes from degradation, recombination, and end fusions. Human telomeres range from 5–15 kb in length. Human Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) cancers are often present as mesenchymal or epithelial origin in subsets of osteosarcomas, liposarcomas, glioblastomas, or astrocytomas.
  • 472
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gangliosides and Ganglioside GD3-Binding Proteins
Ganglioside GD3 is a major ganglioside in neuronal progenitor cells. Highly sialylated gangliosides, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b are the main gangliosides in adult neurons. GD3 is implicated in cell attachment and cell-to-cell interaction during embryogenesis. Anti-ganglioside GD3 monoclonal antibody (clone:R24) coimmunoprecipitates heterotrimeric G protein Goα, GPI-anchored neuronal cell adhesion molecule TAG-1, Src-family kinase Lyn and Csk -binding protein Cbp from rat cerebellar granule cells. Ganglioside GD3 is involved in the migration of granule cells during the early stage of cerebellar development via these GD3-binding proteins.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
ClpP
The mitochondrial protease called ClpP plays a central role in mitochondrial protein quality control. ClpP agonists have emerged as a novel class of mitochondria-targeting drugs. Hyperactivating ClpP induces uncontrolled, but selective, degradation of ClpP substrates and disrupts mitochondrial functions, leading to growth inhibition of breast cancer cells, without adverse effect in non-malignant cells. 
  • 664
  • 03 Apr 2023
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