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Topic Review
FRA-1 as a Regulator in Breast Cancer
Among FOS-related components of the dimeric AP-1 transcription factor, the oncoprotein FRA-1 (encoded by FOSL1) is a key regulator of invasion and metastasis. The well-established FRA-1 pro-invasive activity in breast cancer, in which FOSL1 is overexpressed in the TNBC (Triple Negative Breast Cancer)/basal subtypes, correlates with the FRA-1-dependent transcriptional regulation of EMT (Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition).
  • 261
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular degradation process that regulates cellular metabolism and homeostasis under normal and pathophysiological conditions. Autophagy and metabolism are linked in the hematopoietic system, playing a critical role in the self-renewal, survival and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and in cell death, particularly influencing the cell fate of the hematopoietic stem cell pool. In leukemia, autophagy supports leukemia cell growth, contributes to leukemia stem cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a common type of acute leukemia with poor survival and prognosis.
  • 478
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mycolactone Targets the Sec61 Translocon
“Recognizing a surprising fact is the first step towards discovery.” This famous quote from Louis Pasteur is particularly appropriate to describe what led us to study mycolactone, a lipid toxin produced by the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. M. ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, a neglected tropical disease manifesting as chronic, necrotic skin lesions with a “surprising” lack of inflammation and pain. Decades after its first description, mycolactone has become much more than a mycobacterial toxin. This uniquely potent inhibitor of the mammalian translocon (Sec61) helped reveal the central importance of Sec61 activity for immune cell functions, the spread of viral particles and, unexpectedly, the viability of certain cancer cells. 
  • 320
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cytokine Production in Human Pathology
Cytokines can perform a dual role, being growth promotors or inhibitors and having pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. The complex interactions between cytokines, vascular cells and immune cells are responsible for dramatic conditions and lead to the concept of cytokine storm observed during sepsis, multi-organ failure and in some cases of COVID-19 infection. Cytokines such as interferon and hematopoietic growth factor have been used as therapy. Alternatively, the inhibition of cytokine functions has been largely developed using anti-interleukin or anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of sepsis or chronic inflammation.
  • 372
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Regulatory Role of Snc1 in Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Fungi are an important group of microorganisms that play crucial roles in a variety of ecological and biotechnological processes. Fungi depend on intracellular protein trafficking, which involves moving proteins from their site of synthesis to the final destination within or outside the cell. The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) proteins are vital components of vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion, ultimately leading to the release of cargos to the target destination. The v-SNARE (vesicle-associated SNARE) Snc1 is responsible for anterograde and retrograde vesicle trafficking between the plasma membrane (PM) and Golgi. It allows for the fusion of exocytic vesicles to the PM and the subsequent recycling of Golgi-localized proteins back to the Golgi via three distinct and parallel recycling pathways. This recycling process requires several components, including a phospholipid flippase (Drs2-Cdc50), an F-box protein (Rcy1), a sorting nexin (Snx4-Atg20), a retromer submit, and the COPI coat complex. Snc1 interacts with exocytic SNAREs (Sso1/2, Sec9) and the exocytic complex to complete the process of exocytosis. It also interacts with endocytic SNAREs (Tlg1 and Tlg2) during endocytic trafficking. Snc1 has been extensively investigated in fungi and has been found to play crucial roles in various aspects of intracellular protein trafficking.
  • 404
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Regulation of CD36 Expression and Activity in Cancer
Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) is a cell surface scavenger receptor that plays critical roles in many different types of cancer, notably breast, brain, and ovarian cancers. While it is arguably most well-known for its fatty acid uptake functions, it is also involved in regulating cellular adhesion, immune response, and apoptosis depending on the cellular and environmental contexts.
  • 579
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Warburg Effect
Otto Warburg discovered that cancer cells use a fermentative rather than oxidative metabolism even though the former is more inefficient in terms of energy production per molecule of glucose. Cancer cells increase the use of this fermentative metabolism even in the presence of oxygen, and this process is called aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect.
  • 419
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Hematological Malignancies
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the development and progression of hematological malignancies. In addition to several factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, etc., a growing body of evidence has indicated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in the communication of tumor cells within the TME, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies. 
  • 266
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Immune System's Role in Liver Biology and Metabolism
The liver is a remarkable organ, which coordinates a multitude of critical functions, whilst retaining the ability to dramatically remodel and regenerate damaged tissue. The liver is composed of four lobes which are subdivided into lobule structures. These are hexagonal in appearance, with each corner displaying the portal triad that consists of the portal vein, bile duct and hepatic artery. Although the liver is an exceptionally regenerative organ, chronic damage may result in scar tissue formation. This does not only have consequences for organ function but is also a major barrier for liver tissue remodeling and regeneration.
  • 387
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hematopoietic stem cell: regulation and nutritional intervention
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent precursors with the unique ability to self-renew into all cell types and self-regenerate in order to resume proliferation in the blood-forming system. They are crucial for the life maintenance of bio-organisms. Investigation into the functioning of HSCs remains a prominent and dynamic area of exploration by researchers. Here we summarizes the intrinsic factors (i.e., RNA-binding protein, modulators in epigenetics and enhancer–promotor-mediated transcription) essential to the function of HSCs.
  • 212
  • 09 Jun 2023
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