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Topic Review
Hole-Transporting Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells
Organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received particular attention because of the high-power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), facile fabrication route and low cost. The hole-transporting layer (HTL) play an important role in PSCs to effectively extract holes from the perovskite film and to transport holes to the metal electrode in normal PSCs. 
  • 2.6K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Methods to Synthesize Ultrasmall AuNPs
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are continuing to gain popularity in the field of nanotechnology. New methods are continuously being developed to tune the particles’ physicochemical properties, resulting in control over their biological fate and applicability to in vivo diagnostics and therapy. The common methods of synthesizing ultrasmall AuNPs are presented.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Halogen-Doped Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Application, and Prospects
Carbon dots (CDs) have many advantages, such as tunable photoluminescence, large two-photon absorption cross-sections, easy functionalization, low toxicity, chemical inertness, good dispersion, and biocompatibility. Halogen doping further improves the optical and physicochemical properties of CDs, extending their applications in fluorescence sensors, biomedicine, photocatalysis, anti-counterfeiting encryption, and light-emitting diodes. The preparation of CDs via the “top-down” and “bottom-up”approaches and the preparation methods and applications of halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)-doped CDs were discussed here. The main challenges of CDs in the future are the elucidation of the luminescence mechanism, fine doping with elements (proportion, position, etc.), and their incorporation in practical devices.
  • 581
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Molecule
Temperature-induced, rapid changes in the viscosity and reproducible 3-D structure formation makes thermos-sensitive hydrogels an ideal delivery system to act as a cell scaffold or a drug reservoir. Moreover, the hydrogels’ minimum invasiveness, high biocompatibility, and facile elimination from the body have gathered a lot of attention from researchers.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Antiviral Fullerene
Fullerenes were discovered in 1985. They are spherical or ellipsoidal in shape, with hollow cage structures. Fullerene C60, the representative fullerene, is ~0.7 nm in diameter. Three discoverers of fullerene C60 won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1996. With the continuous development of fullerene preparation technology, fullerenes have presented unprecedented opportunities in the field of biomedicine. For some common virus, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza, Ebola and so on, fullerene and their derivatives exhibit high levels of antiviral activity, inhibiting virus replication in vitro and in vivo. Unlike traditional small molecules, fullerene is a type of promising antiviral nanodrug. 
  • 672
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management
Rapid and early diagnosis of lethal coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important issue considering global human health, economy, education, and other activities. The advancement of understanding of the chemistry/biochemistry and the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to the development of low-cost, efficient, and reliable methods for COVID-19 diagnosis over “gold standard” real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) due to its several limitations. This led to the development of electrochemical sensors/biosensors for rapid, fast, and low-cost detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from the patient’s biological fluids by detecting the components of the virus, including structural proteins (antigens), nucleic acid, and antibodies created after COVID-19 infection. 
  • 599
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticles Used in X-Ray Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has long been known as an effective method for treating surface cancer tissues. Deeper penetration of X-rays into tissues has been implemented, which is now known as X-ray photodynamic therapy (XPDT). The two methods differ in the photon energy used, thus requiring the use of different types of scintillating nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are known to convert the incident energy into the activation energy of a photosensitizer, which leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species.
  • 652
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Broadening the Reflection Bandwidth in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
Cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLC) materials with broadband reflection are witnessing a significant surge in interest due to their unique ability to self-organize into a helical supra-molecular architecture and their excellent selective reflection of light based on the Bragg relationship. How to realize the broadening of the reflection bandwidth within the desired reflection spectrum is still one of the critical problems to be solved for the application of ChLCs. It is necessary to adjust the pitch gradient or the non-uniform pitch distribution in the ChLC material system to achieve the broadening of the reflection bandwidth.
  • 525
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
Certain bacteria constitute a threat to humans due to their ability to escape host defenses as they easily develop drug resistance. Bacteria are classified into gram-positive and gram-negative according to the composition of the cell membrane structure. Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane (OM) that is not present in their gram-positive counterpart; the latter instead hold a thicker peptidoglycan (PG) layer. Bacterial resistance to these drugs continues to evolve, which calls for novel antibacterial approaches to be developed.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Medicinal Chemistry of Artificial Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids play a central role in human biology, making them suitable and attractive tools for therapeutic applications. While conventional drugs generally target proteins and induce transient therapeutic effects, nucleic acid medicines can achieve long-lasting or curative effects by targeting the genetic bases of diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Aug 2022
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