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Topic Review
Effect of Grain Size on B4C and β-SiC
Nanocrystalline materials are categorized as having average grain sizes below 100 nm with a larger volume fraction of grain boundaries (GBs), leading to significant changes in their mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Lightweight polycrystalline ceramics possess promising physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, which can be used in a variety of important structural applications. However, these ceramics with coarse-grained structures are brittle and have low fracture toughness due to their rigid covalent bonding (more often consisting of high-angle grain boundaries) that can cause catastrophic failures. Owing to these failure mechanisms in polycrystalline ceramics, a reduction in grain size to a nano-regime, which is expected to enhance the combination of hardness (or strength), toughness, and ductility, provides a promising nanomechanical research direction compared to counterpart micro-sized polycrystalline ceramics. Apart from the effects of grain size itself, the mechanical properties of B4C and SiC also show high dependency on their properties such as composition variation, anisotropy, density, etc.
  • 638
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Unsaturated Fat
An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fatty acid chain is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond. Where double bonds are formed, hydrogen atoms are subtracted from the carbon chain. Thus, a saturated fat has no double bonds, has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons, and therefore is "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. In cellular metabolism, unsaturated fat molecules contain somewhat less energy (i.e., fewer calories) than an equivalent amount of saturated fat. The greater the degree of unsaturation in a fatty acid (i.e., the more double bonds in the fatty acid) the more vulnerable it is to lipid peroxidation (rancidity). Antioxidants can protect unsaturated fat from lipid peroxidation.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Deicing Fluid
Ground deicing of aircraft is commonly performed in both commercial and general aviation. The fluids used in this operation are called deicing or anti-icing fluids. The initials ADF (Aircraft Deicing Fluid), ADAF (Aircraft Deicer and Anti-icer Fluid) or AAF (Aircraft Anti-icing Fluid) are commonly used.
  • 2.9K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Crosslinking Agent for on Cellulose-Based Hydrogels
Hydrogels are interlinked hydrophilic polymers that are insoluble in water but are capable of absorbing large amounts of water through the swelling process. During the swelling process, the polar groups in the polymer chain swiftly draw the first water molecules into the hydrogel network (bound water). The hydrogel network absorbs more water molecules due to the osmotic pressure of the interstitial water and free water. Both synthetic and natural polymers can be used to create hydrogels. Natural polymer-based hydrogels are typically chosen because of their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In addition, natural polymers are less expensive than synthetic ones.  A crosslinking agent is used to strengthen the properties of the hydrogel. A chemical crosslinking agent is used more often than a physical crosslinking agent. In a chemical crosslinking agent, there are two types of crosslinking agents, which is synthetic and natural crosslinking agents. Hydrogels that utilize synthetic crosslinking agents have advantages, such as adjustable mechanical properties and easy control of the chemical composition. However, hydrogels that use natural crosslinking agents have better biocompatibility and less latent toxic effect.
  • 3.8K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Microencapsulation Technology of Phycocyanin
Phycocyanin (PC) is a blue fluorescent protein with multi-bioactive functions. The multi-bioactivities and spectral stability of phycocyanin are susceptible to external environmental conditions, which limit its wide application. Microencapsulation is a micro-packaging technology that encapsulates trace substances with polymer films. Multifarious strategies have been successfully investigated for the microencapsulation of PC.
  • 780
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Functional Polymeric Plastic for Bakery Products
Polymeric materials including plastic and paper are commonly used as packaging for bakery products. The incorporation of active substances produces functional polymers that can effectively retain the quality and safety of packaged products. Polymeric materials can be used to produce a variety of package forms such as film, tray, pouch, rigid container and multilayer film. 
  • 362
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Research Progress on Preparation Methods of Skutterudites
Thermoelectric material is a new energy material that can realize direct conversion of thermal energy and electric energy. It has important and wide applications in the fields of the recycling of industrial waste heat and automobile exhaust, efficient refrigeration of the next generation of integrated circuits and full spectrum solar power generation. Skutterudites thermoelectric material has attracted much attention because of their excellent electrical transport performance in the medium temperature region. In order to obtain skutterudites thermoelectric materials with excellent properties, it is indispensable to choose an appropriate preparation method.
  • 679
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Wind Energy based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators
The utilization of various distributed energy is becoming a prominent research topic due to the rapid development of the Internet of Things and wireless condition monitoring systems. Among the various distributed energy sources, wind energy has the advantages of being widely distributed, renewable and pollution-free, and is a very promising mechanical energy for power supply. Traditional wind energy harvesting methods based on electromagnetic and piezoelectric effects have issues with complex structure, large size, severe mechanical structures, and high installation costs. The low frequency and irregular nature of ambient mechanical energy makes these methods generally inefficient and inevitably hinders the further exploitation of wind energy. The triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) based on frictional charging and electrostatic effects can also be used for wind power generation and are increasingly favored by researchers as TENGs are easier to be miniaturized and assembled, and can realize large-scale manufacturing in comparison.
  • 786
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Methods for Identifying Organic Compounds in Bituminous Emissions
Bitumen is a major construction material that can emit harmful fumes when heated. These fumes pose health risks to workers and communities near construction projects or asphalt mixing plants. The chemical complexity of bitumen fumes and the increasing use of additives add to the difficulty of analytically quantifying the harmful chemicals emitted using a single technique. Research on bitumen emissions consists of numerous sample preparation and analytical methods. There are a range of considerations to be made when deciding on an appropriate sample preparation method and instrumental configuration to optimise the analysis of specific organic contaminants in emissions. Researchers investigating emissions from bituminous materials may need to consider a range of analytical techniques to quantify harmful chemicals and assess the efficacy of new additives.
  • 375
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Metabolomics in Atopic Eczema
Atopic eczema (AE) is an inflammatory skin disorder affecting approximately 20% of children worldwide and early onset can lead to asthma and allergies. Metabolomics, the analysis of small molecules in the skin produced by the host and microbes, opens a window to observe the mechanisms of the disease which then may lead to new drug targets for AE treatment. 
  • 481
  • 27 Sep 2022
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