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Topic Review
Types of Soil Contaminants and Their Harmful Effects
Soil can be understood as a 3D structure that is interconnected with components of the environment, such as air and water. Therefore, if the soil is contaminated, the contamination can easily spread, leading to great risks to human life, ecosystems, water sources, and other environmental receptors. Additionally, the pollutants can be transmitted to the bodies of people who eat crops produced from the soil. The constant contact between dirt that is polluted and the air and water can be hazardous to the environment and human health. Trace elements can lead to digestive problems such as intense pains, diarrhea, vomiting, ulcers, skin problems, lung cancer, changes in genetic material, and other human illnesses.
  • 189
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Types of Skin Wounds and Wound Healing
Chronic wounds encompass various types, each exhibiting distinct characteristics that are influenced by changes in the wound microenvironment. Parameters such as temperature, pH value, blood glucose concentration, and pressure undergo fluctuations depending on the type and condition of the wound. Hydrogels, composed of hydrophilic polymers, are promising materials for constructing multifunctional platforms. These hydrogels possess several advantageous properties, including a 3D network structure, high permeability to water and oxygen, and biocompatibility. 
  • 203
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Types of Scaffolds in Cartilage Regeneration
There are two main types of scaffolds: natural polymers and synthetic polymers. On the one hand, natural polymers are proteins (e.g., collagen, SF) and polysaccharides (e.g., Alg, CS, and HA derivatives). Natural polymers already have a long history of application in wound treatment. They are the closest substances to human tissue and show biocompatibility and biodegradability without toxic byproducts, and their technologies and properties have been widely investigated. Furthermore, in the form of hydrogels, they can retain a great amount of water. However, natural polymers are normally poor in mechanical strength. On the other hand, synthetic polymers have different properties. They allow the better control of formation, surface morphology, mechanical strength and physicochemical properties than natural polymers. Among them, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(urethanes) (PU) are the most popular candidates in osteochondral regeneration. The limitations of synthetic polymers are poor hydrophilicity, proinflammatory degradation byproducts, and unmatched degradation rates. It is noticeable that these two types of polymers are not independent.
  • 701
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Types of Microneedle Arrays
Microneedle (MN) arrays are minimally-invasive devices that can penetrate the stratum corneum, one of the most important barriers for topically-applied drugs, thus creating a pathway for drug permeation to the dermal tissue below. MN arrays can be characterized as: (1) solid, (2) coated, (3) hollow and (4) dissolvable. They can be further categorized based on their mode of drug delivery, and the materials used for their manufacture. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Types of Micellar Assemblies
Amphiphilic block copolymers (with a variety of hydrophobic blocks and hydrophilic blocks; often polyethylene oxide) self-assemble in water to micelles/niosomes similar to conventional nonionic surfactants with high drug loading capacity.
  • 627
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Types of Membranes for CO2 Capture and Utilization
Membranes are a promising technology platform for CO2 capture because they are modular, scalable, and compact. This makes them desirable for process intensification and reducing energy costs. Biocatalytic membranes encompass many different types of materials and functionality.
  • 297
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Types of Membrane Vesicles Acting as Tumor Vaccines
Membrane vesicles, a group of nano- or microsized vesicles, can be internalized or interact with the recipient cells, depending on their parental cells, size, structure and content. Membrane vesicles fuse with the target cell membrane, or they bind to the receptors on the cell surface, to transfer special effects. Based on versatile features, they can modulate the functions of immune cells and therefore influence immune responses. In the field of tumor therapeutic applications, phospholipid-membrane-based nanovesicles attract increased interest. Academic institutions and industrial companies are putting in effort to design, modify and apply membrane vesicles as potential tumor vaccines contributing to tumor immunotherapy. 
  • 450
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Types of Hydrogels for Bearing Anticancer Chemotherapeutics
The advantages of hydrogels as a depot for local application of medicinal substances are due to their tunable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and the possibility for controllable degradation; due to that, they are intensively investigated as local drug delivery systems. A hydrogel can be defined as a quasi-solid body composed of a three-dimensional (3D) network of hydrophilic macromolecules and water. 
  • 280
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Types of Hybrid Bio-Based Aerogel Materials
Bio-based aerogels are derived from various renewable sources such as sugar cane, vegetable oils, proteins, starches, chitosan, alginate, pectin, lignin, cellulose, and proteins, which have been shown to be useful in the production of aerogels. These aerogels have special properties that make them well suited for packaging applications and in bioengineering. Studies in this field have led to advances that shed light on their diverse applications, improved properties, and innovative synthesis methods. Researchers have investigated alternative feedstocks for bio-based aerogels to broaden their sources and enhance sustainability. Studies have explored the use of waste materials, agricultural by-products, and unconventional sources to synthesize aerogels, aligning with the principles of a circular and green economy. 
  • 487
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Types of Electrochemical Sensors
The world of sensors is diverse and is advancing at a rapid pace due to the fact of its high demand and constant technological improvements. Electrochemical sensors provide a low-cost and convenient solution for the detection of variable analytes and are widely utilized in agriculture, food, and oil industries as well as in environmental and biomedical applications. The popularity of electrochemical sensing stems from two main advantages: the variability of the reporting signals, such as the voltage, current, overall power output, or electrochemical impedance, and the low theoretical detection limits that originate from the differences in the Faradaic and nonFaradaic currents.
  • 5.7K
  • 09 Nov 2022
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