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Topic Review
FDA Approved Antibody-Drug Conjugates
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) are now amongst the fastest growing drug classes in oncology, as they combine the best features of mAbs and small molecule drugs, creating a single moiety that is highly specific and cytotoxic.
  • 2.1K
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
NIAS in Plastic Food Packaging
Several food contact materials (FCMs) contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), and most of the substances that migrate from plastic food packaging are unknown. Food packaging can contain NIAS as a result of the interactions between different substances in the packaging materials, between food content and substances (for example, additives) in FCM, from degradation processes and mainly from the impurities present in the raw materials used for FCM production. (EU) nº 10/2011 defines that “non-intentionally added substance means an impurity in the substances used or a reaction intermediate formed during the production process or a decomposition or reaction product”. Most NIAS are regularly detected when using high sensitivity analytical techniques, although the chemical structure of unknown compounds is often difficult to establish by conventional tools.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Covalent Organic Framework (COFs)
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are 2D or 3D low density crystalline porous materials with periodically ordered skeletons constituted by organic molecules linked through covalent bonds. They were first reported by Yaghi and collaborators in 2005 from condensation of benzenediboronic acid (BDBA) alone and in the presence of hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP) in a simple one-pot procedure at 120 °C, obtaining a boroxine COF (COF-1) and a boronate ester COF (COF-5), respectively. Since then, there has been steady growth in the number of published works dealing with the synthesis, properties, and catalytic applications of COFs.
  • 2.1K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Nanodots: Antimicrobial Photosensitizers
Carbon nanodots are fluorescent, quasi-spherical nanoparticles that have been investigated and modified for numerous applications. In recent years, the utility of these structures for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has been of increasing interest. For this technology, light is used to trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species which subsequently inactivate or kill pathogenic microorganisms. Carbon nanodots are of interest for this application due to their simple, "green" synthesis methods and their tunable organic structures and luminescent properties. Herein we share some recent developments in the field of antimicrobial carbon nanodots, highlighting their increasing relevance and potential in this area.
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Antibiotics-Coated Gold Nanoparticles to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become an alarming threat to the successful treatment of rapidly growing bacterial infections because of the abuse and misuse of antibiotics. Traditional antibiotics bear many limitations including restricted bioavailability, inadequate penetration and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. Recent advances in nanotechnology for the introduction of nanoparticles with fascinating physicochemical characteristics have been predicted as an innovative means of defence against antimicrobial-resistant diseases. The use of nanoparticles renders several benefits including improved tissue targeting, better solubility, improved stability, enhanced epithelial permeability and minimal side effects.
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Fundamental Concepts of Hydrogels
Hydrogels are three-dimensional crosslinked porous networks and can be synthesized from natural polymers, synthetic polymers, polymerizable synthetic monomers, and combination of natural and synthetic polymers. Synthesis of hydrogels involves physical, chemical and hybrid bonding. The bonding is formed via different routes such as solution casting, solution mixing, bulk polymerization, free radical mechanism, radiation method, and interpenetrating network formation. The synthesized hydrogels have significant properties such as mechanical strength, flexibility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, swellability, and stimuli sensitivity. Furthermore, owing to the smart and aqueous medium, robust mechanical strength, adhesiveness, stretchability, strain sensitivity, and self-healability, hydrogels can be potentially used in biomedical, electrochemical, sensors, contact lens, and soft robotic applications.
  • 2.0K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Orange Peel Boards
The Orange Peel Board is a panel made by mixture of different proportions dried peels and wet peels. The commonly used processing method is thermo-pressing.  
  • 2.0K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Hybrid Biocomposites
Bio-based composites are reinforced polymeric materials in which one of the matrix and reinforcement components or both are from bio-based origins. The biocomposite industry has recently drawn great attention for diverse applications, from household articles to automobiles. This is owing to their low cost, biodegradability, being lightweight, availability, and environmental concerns over synthetic and nonrenewable materials derived from limited resources like fossil fuel. The focus has slowly shifted from traditional biocomposite systems, including thermoplastic polymers reinforced with natural fibers, to more advanced systems called hybrid biocomposites. Hybridization of bio-based fibers/matrices and synthetic ones offers a new strategy to overcome the shortcomings of purely natural fibers or matrices. By incorporating two or more reinforcement types into a single composite, it is possible to not only maintain the advantages of both types but also alleviate some disadvantages of one type of reinforcement by another one. 
  • 2.0K
  • 13 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SLMed Magnesium Alloys
The selective laser melting（SLM） technology has the characteristics of rapid solidification.Therefore, refined microstructures and high-performance products can be obtained.The microstructure of magnesium alloy varies with the cooling rate(processing).And the higher the cooling rate, the finer the microstructure of the magnesium alloy.Different cooling rates also affect the phase composition of magnesium alloys. The SLM process inhibits the formation of the second phase in the magnesium alloy due to the characteristics of rapid solidification.Post-treatment processes, such as heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing（HIP）, can be applied to SLMed magnesium alloys. These processes help to close the pores , dissolve the second phase and reduce the source of cracks caused by the mismatch between the second phase and the α-Mg matrix, thereby improving the  mechanical properties of the magnesium alloy, especially the elongation.However, SLMed magnesium alloys need further research in the application of post-processing, alloy design, base material purification, and thermodynamic and kinetic theoretical calculations of intermetallic compounds.
  • 2.0K
  • 19 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Compounds of Aluminium
Aluminium (or aluminum) combines characteristics of pre- and post-transition metals. Since it has few available electrons for metallic bonding, like its heavier group 13 congeners, it has the characteristic physical properties of a post-transition metal, with longer-than-expected interatomic distances. Furthermore, as Al3+ is a small and highly charged cation, it is strongly polarizing and aluminium compounds tend towards covalency; this behaviour is similar to that of beryllium (Be2+), an example of a diagonal relationship. However, unlike all other post-transition metals, the underlying core under aluminium's valence shell is that of the preceding noble gas, whereas for gallium and indium it is that of the preceding noble gas plus a filled d-subshell, and for thallium and nihonium it is that of the preceding noble gas plus filled d- and f-subshells. Hence, aluminium does not suffer the effects of incomplete shielding of valence electrons by inner electrons from the nucleus that its heavier congeners do. Aluminium's electropositive behavior, high affinity for oxygen, and highly negative standard electrode potential are all more similar to those of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium, which have ds2 configurations of three valence electrons outside a noble gas core: aluminium is the most electropositive metal in its group. Aluminium also bears minor similarities to the metalloid boron in the same group; AlX3 compounds are valence isoelectronic to BX3 compounds (they have the same valence electronic structure), and both behave as Lewis acids and readily form adducts. Additionally, one of the main motifs of boron chemistry is regular icosahedral structures, and aluminium forms an important part of many icosahedral quasicrystal alloys, including the Al–Zn–Mg class.
  • 2.0K
  • 07 Nov 2022
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