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Topic Review
Design of Experiments in the Advancement of Biomaterial
Optimisation of tissue engineering (TE) processes requires models that can identify relationships between the parameters to be optimised and predict structural and performance outcomes from both physical and chemical processes. Design of Experiments (DoE) methods are commonly used for optimisation purposes in addition to playing an important role in statistical quality control and systematic randomisation for experiment planning. DoE is only used for the analysis and optimisation of quantitative data (i.e., number-based, countable or measurable), while it lacks the suitability for imaging and high dimensional data analysis.
  • 862
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cluster-Based Coordination Polymers
Cluster-based coordination polymers (CCPs) are constructed from metal coordination clusters that are bridged by polytopic organic ligands forming multidimensional systems such as one-dimensional (1D) chains, two-dimensional (2D) layers, and three-dimensional (3D) metal-organic frameworks. Structurally well-defined polynuclear Mn(II,III)/Fe(III)-oxo pivalate and isobutyrate clusters recommend them-selves as extremely versatille building blocks where their ancillary coordination ligands are sufficiently flexible to allow the formation of a wide variety of 1D, 2D and 3D CCPs.
  • 862
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Vancomycin with Muramyl Pentapeptide
Vancomycin and a native muramyl pentapeptide ended with D-alanine (MPP-D-Ala), and vancomycin and a modified muramyl pentapeptide ended with D-serine (MPP-D-Ser) form complexes in a very specific way. This complexes provide a basis for characterizing the type and stability of the connection. The type of experimentally measured and computer-simulated interactions opens the field for discussion on possible modifications to the structure of vancomycin or muramyl pentapeptide to obtain their desired characteristics.
  • 862
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Elastomer–Hydrogel Systems
Elastomers are a class of polymeric materials that can repeatedly and easily undergo large, reversible deformations with complete recovery. They are usually composed of long-chain molecules, extremely flexible due to their ability to reconfigure themselves and dissipate an applied force. Hydrogels (HGs) are macromolecular structures consisting of polymer networks with the ability to absorb water without any dissolution. By applying sophisticated design and engineering methods, various elastomer–hydrogel systems (EHS) with outstanding performance have been developed. These systems composed of elastomers and hydrogels are very attractive due to their high biocompatibility, injectability, controlled porosity and often antimicrobial properties. Moreover, their elastomeric properties and bioadhesiveness are making them suitable for soft tissue engineering.
  • 861
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electroreduction of CO2 toward High Current Density
Carbon dioxide (CO2) electroreduction offers an attractive pathway for converting CO2 to valuable fuels and chemicals. Despite the existence of some excellent electrocatalysts with superior selectivity for specific products, these reactions are conducted at low current densities ranging from several mA cm−2 to tens of mA cm−2, which are far from commercially desirable values. To extend the applications of CO2 electroreduction technology to an industrial scale, long-term operations under high current densities (over 200 mA cm−2) are desirable.
  • 861
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Smart Porous Multi-Stimulus Polysaccharide-Based Biomaterials
Recently, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine studies have evaluated smart biomaterials as implantable scaffolds and their interaction with cells for biomedical applications. Porous materials have been used in tissue engineering as synthetic extracellular matrices, promoting the attachment and migration of host cells to induce the in vitro regeneration of different tissues. Biomimetic 3D scaffold systems allow control over biophysical and biochemical cues, modulating the extracellular environment through mechanical, electrical, and biochemical stimulation of cells, driving their molecular reprogramming. In this review, first we outline the main advantages of using polysaccharides as raw materials for porous scaffolds, as well as the most common processing pathways to obtain the adequate textural properties, allowing the integration and attachment of cells. The second approach focuses on the tunable characteristics of the synthetic matrix, emphasizing the effect of their mechanical properties and the modification with conducting polymers in the cell response. The use and influence of polysaccharide-based porous materials as drug delivery systems for biochemical stimulation of cells is also described. Overall, engineered biomaterials are proposed as an effective strategy to improve in vitro tissue regeneration and future research directions of modified polysaccharide-based materials in the biomedical field are suggested.
  • 861
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Gas Sensors Based on Titanium Oxides
Nanostructured titanium compounds have recently been applied in the design of gas sensors. Among titanium compounds, titanium oxides (TiO2) are the most frequently used in gas sensing devices. Very recently, the applicability of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2−x)-based layers for the design of gas sensors was demonstrated. The most promising titanium compounds and hetero- and nano-structures based on these compounds are discussed and the possibility to tune the sensitivity and selectivity of titanium compound-based sensing layers is addressed.  
  • 861
  • 28 May 2022
Topic Review
MXenes as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
MXenes have been considered to be potential building blocks for composites for use in energy storage applications due to their distinctive 2D wafer structure and superior electrical conductivity. MXenes have been combined with multiple active ingredients, including metal oxides and conductive polymers, to produce a synergistic effect. The synthesis method of MXene shows various surface termini and topographies with different energy storage properties, and there have been multiple studies examining surface modification, stoichiometric ratio, and electrode composition control.
  • 861
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Quaternized Chitosan
The natural polymer chitosan is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after chitin and has been extensively explored for preparation of versatile drug delivery systems. The presence of two distinct reactive functional groups (an amino group at C2, and a primary and secondary hydroxyl group at C3 and C6) of chitosan are involved in the transformation of expedient derivatives such as acylated, alkylated, carboxylated, quaternized and esterified chitosan. Amongst these, quaternized chitosan is preferred in pharmaceutical industries owing to its prominent features including superior water solubility, augmented antimicrobial actions, modified wound healing, pH-sensitive targeting, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. It has been explored in a large realm of pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and the biomedical arena. Immense classy drug delivery systems containing quaternized chitosan have been intended for tissue engineering, wound healing, gene, and vaccine delivery. 
  • 861
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Mechanism of Heterogeneous Alkaline Deacetylation of Chitin
Chitosan can be obtained from chitin chemically or by using enzymatic preparations. From a chemical point of view, both acids and alkalis can be used to deacetylate chitin. However, alkaline deacetylation is used more often since glycosidic bonds are very sensitive to an acidic environment, in which they are destroyed. A mechanism for the chitin deacetylation reaction is proposed, taking into account its kinetic features in which the decisive role is assigned to the effects of hydration. It has been shown that the rate of chitin deacetylation increases with a decrease in the degree of hydration of hydroxide ions in a concentrated alkali solution. When the alkali concentration is less than the limit of complete hydration, the reaction practically does not occur. Hypotheses have been put forward to explain the decrease in the rate of the reaction in the second flat portion of the kinetic curve. The first hypothesis is the formation of “free” water, leading to the hydration of chitin molecules and a decrease in the reaction rate. The second hypothesis postulates the formation of a stable amide anion of chitosan, which prevents the nucleophilic attack of the chitin macromolecule by hydroxide ions.
  • 861
  • 19 Jun 2023
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