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Topic Review
Scaffold-Based 3D Cell Culture for Spermatogonial Stem Cells
Male germline stem cells (mGSCs), also known as spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), are the fundamental seed cells of male animal reproductive physiology. However, environmental influences, drugs, and harmful substances often pose challenges to SSCs, such as population reduction and quality decline. With advancements in bioengineering technology and biomaterial technology, an increasing number of novel cell culture methods and techniques have been employed for studying the proliferation and differentiation of SSCs in vitro.
  • 213
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Meta-Analysis and Analytical Methods in Cosmetics Formulation
The ever-evolving cosmetic industry requires advanced analytical techniques to explore, understand, and optimize product performance at nano, micro, and macroscopic levels. Nowadays, these insights are crucial for translating microstructure behavior into macroscopic properties. This knowledge is essential to formulate products with a lower carbon footprint and a higher sustainability profile, incorporating, at the same time, natural or biobased raw materials.
  • 129
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Characteristics and Extraction Capacity of Deep Eutectic Solvents
A renewed understanding of eco-friendly principles is moving the industrial sector toward a shift in the utilization of less harmful solvents as a main strategy to improve manufacturing. Green analytical chemistry (GAC) has definitely paved the way for this transition by presenting green solvents to a larger audience. Among the most promising, surely DESs (deep eutectic solvents), NaDESs (natural deep eutectic solvents), HDESs (hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents), and HNaDESs (hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents), with their unique features, manifest a wide-range of applications, including their use as a means for the extraction of small bioactive compounds.
  • 108
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Fundamental Properties of Hempcrete
A bio-fiber composite made up of hemp hurd or shiv and mineral binder, hempcrete is a form of lime-based construction material. The binder that is made by combining water with these ingredients is expected to completely coat all of the hemp shiv particles after sufficient mixing. A chemical reaction between the lime binder and water hardens the binder, cementing the hurd pieces together. The term “bonded cellulose insulation” could be broadly used to describe this mixture. Hempcrete is what is left after the binder has dried and been allowed to build up strength with time. 
  • 527
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Electrochemical AChE Biosensor Design
Neurodegenerative diseases and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as one of the most common causes of dementia, result in progressive losses of cholinergic neurons and a reduction in the presynaptic markers of the cholinergic system. These consequences can be compensated by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) followed by a decrease in the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. The assessment of cholinesterase inhibitors includes the comparison of the biosensor signals recorded prior to and after the contact of the enzyme with an inhibitor. This makes it possible to calculate the inhibition degree as the relative shift of the enzyme activity and as a measure of the inhibitor content. Even in the case of the direct signal measurement performed in the presence of both the substrate and inhibitor, it is mostly assumed that the initial enzyme activity (for zero inhibitor concentration) is constant and reproducible in the series of experiments required for calibration graph plotting. 
  • 158
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pillar[n]arene-Based Supramolecular Polymers
Supramolecular chemistry enables the manipulation of functional components on a molecular scale, facilitating a “bottom-up” approach to govern the sizes and structures of supramolecular materials. Using dynamic non-covalent interactions, supramolecular polymers can create materials with reversible and degradable characteristics and the abilities to self-heal and respond to external stimuli. Pillar[n]arene represents a novel class of macrocyclic hosts, emerging after cyclodextrins, crown ethers, calixarenes, and cucurbiturils. Its significance lies in its distinctive structure, comparing an electron-rich cavity and two finely adjustable rims, which has sparked considerable interest.
  • 153
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Neoproterozoic Fold Belts Surrounding the São Francisco Craton
The São Francisco craton and its continuation in Africa, the Congo Craton, constitute Archean–Paleoproterozoic paleocontinents which, via various continental collisions during the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian, formed the western portion of the Gondwana supercontinent. The folded Brasiliano/Pan African belts occur on the margins of the paleocontinents in the form of several superimposed sedimentary basins, showing different types of magmatic arcs (accretionary material) and which, via collisional processes, were transformed into Neoproterozoic–Cambrian orogenic belts.
  • 100
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Smart Applications of Self-Healing Polysiloxanes
Organosilicon polymers (silicones) are of enduring interest both as an established branch of polymer chemistry and as a segment of commercial products. Their unique properties were exploited in a wide range of everyday applications. The research attention polysiloxanes attracted as the materials of choice for various emerging technologies was tremendous. A rapid improvement in bulk modification strategies can be observed as well as the design of a new generation of PDMS-based smart materials, including flexible wearable electronics, sensors, coatings or e-skin. 
  • 105
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Mannose Ligands for Mannose Receptor Targeting
The mannose receptor (MR, CD 206) is an endocytic receptor primarily expressed by macrophages and dendritic cells, which plays a critical role in both endocytosis and antigen processing and presentation. MR carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) exhibit a high binding affinity for branched and linear oligosaccharides. Furthermore, multivalent mannose presentation on the various templates like peptides, proteins, polymers, micelles, and dendrimers was proven to be a valuable approach for the selective and efficient delivery of various therapeutically active agents to MR. 
  • 160
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Unpacking Phthalates from Obscurity in the Environment
Phthalates (PAEs) are a group of synthetic esters of phthalic acid compounds mostly used as plasticizers in plastic materials but are widely applied in most industries and products. As plasticizers in plastic materials, they are not chemically bound to the polymeric matrix and easily leach out. Logically, PAEs should be prevalent in the environment, but their prevalence, transport, fate, and effects have been largely unknown until recently. This has been attributed, inter alia, to a lack of standardized analytical procedures for identifying them in complex matrices.
  • 184
  • 20 Feb 2024
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