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Topic Review
Biomarkers of Invasive Imaging for Carotid Plaque Vulnerability
Carotid artery disease has traditionally been assessed based on the degree of luminal narrowing. However, this approach, which solely relies on carotid stenosis, is being questioned with regard to modern risk stratification approaches. Guidelines have introduced the concept of the “vulnerable plaque,” emphasizing specific features such as thin fibrous caps, large lipid cores, intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque rupture, macrophage infiltration, and neovascularization.
  • 183
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Brain
An ultrasound (US) is a type of medical imaging that is commonly used in pediatric radiology due to its multiple advantages for the imaging of young patients. Advancements in technology have allowed the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasounds (CEUS) with high-frequency transducers, which in turn, led to new possibilities in diagnosing a variety of diseases and conditions in the field of radiology, including neonatal brain imaging. CEUS overcomes some of the limitations of conventional US and Doppler US. It allows the visualization of dynamic perfusion even in the smallest vessels in the whole brain and allows the quantitative analysis of perfusion parameters. 
  • 129
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Treated Glioblastoma Evaluation
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a key role in the evaluation of post-treatment changes, both in the immediate post-operative period and during follow-up. There are many different treatment’s lines and many different neuroradiological findings according to the treatment chosen and the clinical timepoint at which MRI is performed. Structural MRI is often insufficient to correctly interpret and define treatment-related changes. For that, advanced MRI modalities, including perfusion and permeability imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, are increasingly utilized in clinical practice to characterize treatment effects more comprehensively.
  • 227
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
SSTR-based PET-CT in Neuroendocrine Tumors
Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) agonist-based Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) imaging is nowadays the mainstay for the assessment and diagnostic imaging of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN), especially in well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET) (World Health Organization (WHO) grade I and II). Major clinical indications for SSTR imaging are primary staging and metastatic workup, especially (a) before surgery, (b) detection of unknown primary in metastatic NET, (c) patient selection for theranostics and appropriate therapy, especially peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), while less major indications include treatment response evaluation on and disease prognostication.
  • 230
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Stroke Care
Stroke is an emergency for which delays in treatment can lead to significant loss of neurological function and be fatal. Technologies that increase the speed and accuracy of stroke diagnosis or assist in post-stroke rehabilitation can improve patient outcomes. No resource exists that comprehensively assesses artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML)-enabled technologies indicated for the management of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
  • 325
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment in Brain Tumor
The non-enhancing peritumoral area (NEPA) is defined as the hyperintense region in T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images surrounding a brain tumor. The NEPA corresponds to different pathological processes, including vasogenic edema and infiltrative edema. The analysis of the NEPA with conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was proposed in the differential diagnosis of solid brain tumors, showing higher accuracy than MRI evaluation of the enhancing part of the tumor. In particular, MRI assessment of the NEPA was demonstrated to be a promising tool for distinguishing high-grade gliomas from primary lymphoma and brain metastases. Additionally, the MRI characteristics of the NEPA were found to correlate with prognosis and treatment response.
  • 357
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Assessment of Patients with Vertebral Lesions
There are several classifications for vertebral bone lesions. By itself, vertebral bone lesions are a form of spinal lesion that only affects the osseous portion; thus, they are referred to as spinal osseous lesions, spinal neoplasms, vertebral lesions, or vertebral tumors. A vertebral primary bone lesion is a general term describing any abnormal change to the bone originating from disease or injury to healthy bone. In this context, primary is an oncological term that indicates the lesion originates from the bone, whereas secondary lesions are when the lesion metastasizes to the bone from another region of the body. When cells in the bone undergo uncontrolled growth, these lesions are referred to as bone tumors, and when the abnormal tissue closely resembles the healthy bone structure, the lesion is considered benign. Examples of benign lesions include hemangiomas, lipomas, sclerosis, aneurysmal bone cysts, osteoid osteomas, and osteoblastomas. Malignant lesions are similar to bone tumors but demonstrate a growth capable of metastasis. Malignant vertebral lesions include chondrosarcoma, chordoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, neuroblastoma, and osteosarcoma. Classification of a lesion depends on the spinal level, location of the lesion on the vertebra, layer of bone affected, number of lesions, and morphology. Typically, since lesion type determines treatment, correct identification of the lesion can have a major role in clinical outcomes.
  • 217
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis’ Etiology
Spinal epidural lipomatosis is defined by an excessive amount of epidural fat in the spinal canal, usually in the lumbosacral tract: a well-known cause of lumbar pain and spinal stenosis with a possible wide range of neurological symptoms.
  • 340
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Imaging Biomarkers in Chronic Neuropathic Pain Management
Chronic neuropathic pain is a very important public health issue with profound negative implications in many aspects of patients’ individual lives, as well as society, health systems, productivity, and macroeconomics. The development of imaging, especially molecular and functional imaging, provides objectivity and makes the connection between structural changes, receptors involved in the mechanisms of action, and potentially therapeutic or diagnostic molecules by highlighting the place of action and the involved systems. The approval of composite biomarkers, including serological, genetic, clinical, and imaging markers, with high sensitivity and specificity will accelerate and improve diagnosis, staging, predictive and prognostic evaluation, stratification (phenotyping) and inclusion in trials, and the development of therapeutic options (pharmacological, biomedical) through preclinical, translational, clinical studies. 
  • 370
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Prognostic of Acute/Hyperacute Stroke
Clinical manifestation of stroke is characterized by great diversity, ranging from minor disability to considerable neurological impairment interfering with activities of daily living and even death. Prognostic ambiguity has stimulated the interest for implementing stroke recovery biomarkers, including those provided by structural neuroimaging techniques, i.e., diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography for the study of white matter (WM) integrity. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an extension of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for in vivo mapping of white matter (WM) directionality and organization, allowing the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of major WM tracts and their microstructural integrity. DTI is based on the random diffusion of water molecules. Research on DTI metrics as stroke outcome biomarker is not limited to the acute and subacute phases, as it is also implemented on chronic stroke patients. Direct visualization of long tracts and their potential disruption provides insight into pathogenesis of functional deficits in stroke survivors as well as compensatory mechanisms on a microstructural level. Such knowledge may elucidate which group of patients is most likely to benefit from rehabilitation, and even help personalize treatment plans after the acute stroke phase according to each individual’s needs. 
  • 611
  • 23 Nov 2022
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