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Topic Review
XBP1 Modulates the Aging Cardiorenal System
X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a unique basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor. Over recent years, the powerful biological functions of XBP1 in oxidative stress have been gradually revealed. When the redox balance remains undisturbed, oxidative stress plays a role in physiological adaptations and signal transduction. However, during the aging process, increased cellular senescence and reduced levels of endogenous antioxidants cause an oxidative imbalance in the cardiorenal system.
  • 250
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Waste Clearance in the Brain and Neuroinflammation
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease with a heterogeneous etiology. The pathology of Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau, which are necessary for disease progression. Many clinical trials on disease-modifying drugs for AD have failed to indicate their clinical benefits. Recent advances in fundamental research have indicated that neuroinflammation plays an important pathological role in AD. Damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns in the brain induce neuroinflammation and inflammasome activation, causing caspase-1-dependent glial and neuronal cell death. These waste products in the brain are eliminated by the glymphatic system via perivascular spaces, the blood-brain barrier, and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Age-related vascular dysfunction is associated with an impairment of clearance and barrier functions, leading to neuroinflammation. The proteins involved in waste clearance in the brain and peripheral circulation may be potential biomarkers and drug targets in the early stages of cognitive impairment.
  • 530
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound in Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia is a progressive, systemic musculoskeletal disorder associated with an increased risk of adverse events such as falls and fractures, mobility disorders, cardiac and respiratory disease, cognitive impairment, institutionalization, and death. Physical disability and impaired ability to perform activities of daily living contribute to reducing both patient quality of life and functional independence, adding to the necessity of long-term care services for the patient. Considering this evidence, it would seem clear that early diagnosis of sarcopenia and care optimization would also reduce the economic impact on the health care system and individual social-economic burdens.
  • 532
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists in Neuroinflammation for Dementia
Prolonged activation of pro-inflammatory responses in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) alters function of glial cells and in turn, further accelerates neuroinflammation. Subsequent synaptic dysfunction and loss of neurons are responsible for clinical symptoms of the disease. Additionally, factors such as insufficient sleep length and subsequent reduction in amyloid clearance via the glymphatic system lead to amyloid accumulation, while simultaneously aggravating systemic inflammatory response. Inflammation in vascular dementia (VaD) contributes to the three-hit hypothesis, along with hypertension and hypoxia. Vasculitis is responsible for restricted blood circulation in microvessels and leads to decreased oxygen supply and regional glial activation favoring neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Peripheral immune response and increased cytokine production, including an early surge in TNF and IL-1β concentrations activate glia, leading to aggravation of neuroinflammation and dysfunction of neurons during COVID-19. Lifestyle factors, such as diet, have a large impact on future cognitive outcomes and should be included as a crucial intervention in dementia prevention.
  • 286
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Topical Cellular/Tissue and Molecular Aspects in Alzheimer’s Disease
One of the most complex and challenging developments at the beginning of the third millennium is the alarming increase in demographic aging, mainly—but not exclusively—affecting developed countries. This reality results in one of the harsh medical, social, and economic consequences: the continuously increasing number of people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which accounts for up to 80% of all such types of pathology. Its large and progressive disabling potential, which eventually leads to death, therefore represents an important public health matter, especially because there is no known cure for this disease. Consequently, periodic reappraisals of different therapeutic possibilities are necessary. 
  • 110
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Telehealth Geriatrics during COVID-19
Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected older people disproportionately. Prior to the pandemic, some studies reported that telehealth was an efficient and effective form of health care delivery, particularly for older people. There has been increased use of telehealth and publication of new literature on this topic during the pandemic, so we conducted a scoping review and evidence synthesis for telehealth use in geriatric care to summarize learning from these new data.
  • 555
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Subtle Daily Behavioral Changes and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Short-term memory impairment, disorientation, and visuospatial deficits are the main symptoms in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and very mild  Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Interestingly, patients with MCI and very mild AD have subtle changes in their daily behavioral patterns alongside these main symptoms. Thus, subtle changes in daily behavioral patterns may be an indicator of early MCI and AD detection.
  • 351
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Strategies for the Appropriateness of Medication Use
The evidence on the effectiveness of strategies and tools to promote and improve medication appropriateness and their sustainability largely derives from local and heterogeneous experiences with contrasting results. As a general framework, three main steps should be considered in implementing measures to improve the appropriateness of medications: prescription, acceptance by the patient, and continuous monitoring of adherence and the risk-benefit profile. Each step needs efforts from specific actors (physicians, patients, caregivers, healthcare professionals) and dedicated supporting tools. Moreover, how to support the appropriateness also strictly depends on the particular care setting (hospital, ambulatory or primary care, nursing home, long-term care) and available economic resources. 
  • 300
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sarcopenia, Metabolic Repercussions, and Organokines
Sarcopenia is a disease that becomes more prevalent as the population ages, since it is directly linked to the process of senility, which courses with muscle atrophy and loss of muscle strength. Over time, sarcopenia is linked to obesity, being known as sarcopenic obesity, and leads to other metabolic changes. At the molecular level, organokines act on different tissues and can improve or harm sarcopenia. It all depends on their production process, which is associated with factors such as physical exercise, the aging process, and metabolic diseases. Because of the seriousness of these repercussions, herein, it is to conduct a review on the relationship between organokines, sarcopenia, diabetes, and other metabolic repercussions, as well the role of physical exercise.
  • 459
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity
Obesity and ageing place a tremendous strain on the global healthcare system. Age-related sarcopenia is characterized by decreased muscular strength, decreased muscle quantity, quality, and decreased functional performance. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a condition that combines sarcopenia and obesity and has a substantial influence on the older adults’ health.
  • 429
  • 29 Mar 2022
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