Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Gelu Onose
 -- 5438 2023-12-11 12:21:20 |
2 format correct
Mona Zou
 + 4 word(s) 5442 2023-12-12 08:11:22 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Aurelian, S.; Ciobanu, A.; Cărare, R.; Stoica, S.; Anghelescu, A.; Ciobanu, V.; Onose, G.; Munteanu, C.; Popescu, C.; Andone, I.; et al. Topical Cellular/Tissue and Molecular Aspects in Alzheimer’s Disease. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52581 (accessed on 17 May 2024).
Aurelian S, Ciobanu A, Cărare R, Stoica S, Anghelescu A, Ciobanu V, et al. Topical Cellular/Tissue and Molecular Aspects in Alzheimer’s Disease. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52581. Accessed May 17, 2024.
Aurelian, Sorina, Adela Ciobanu, Roxana Cărare, Simona-Isabelle Stoica, Aurelian Anghelescu, Vlad Ciobanu, Gelu Onose, Constantin Munteanu, Cristina Popescu, Ioana Andone, et al. "Topical Cellular/Tissue and Molecular Aspects in Alzheimer’s Disease" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52581 (accessed May 17, 2024).
Aurelian, S., Ciobanu, A., Cărare, R., Stoica, S., Anghelescu, A., Ciobanu, V., Onose, G., Munteanu, C., Popescu, C., Andone, I., Spînu, A., Firan, C., Cazacu, I.S., Trandafir, A., Băilă, M., Postoiu, R., & Zamfirescu, A. (2023, December 11). Topical Cellular/Tissue and Molecular Aspects in Alzheimer’s Disease. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52581
Aurelian, Sorina, et al. "Topical Cellular/Tissue and Molecular Aspects in Alzheimer’s Disease." Encyclopedia. Web. 11 December, 2023.
Topical Cellular/Tissue and Molecular Aspects in Alzheimer’s Disease
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms242216533

One of the most complex and challenging developments at the beginning of the third millennium is the alarming increase in demographic aging, mainly—but not exclusively—affecting developed countries. This reality results in one of the harsh medical, social, and economic consequences: the continuously increasing number of people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which accounts for up to 80% of all such types of pathology. Its large and progressive disabling potential, which eventually leads to death, therefore represents an important public health matter, especially because there is no known cure for this disease. Consequently, periodic reappraisals of different therapeutic possibilities are necessary. 

Alzheimer’s disease amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation tau hyperphosphorylation neuroinflammation nonpharmacological interventions neuroplasticity

1. Introduction

Generally, nonpharmacological interventions refer to medical, psychological, and social therapeutic–rehabilitative endeavors without the use of medicines. Consequently, they are very diverse and therefore difficult to classify, encompassing cognitive therapy and physical exercise either alone or within multimodal procedures [1]. An appropriate attempt to systematize these approaches to the treatment of BPSDs (but without encompassing all of their diversity, e.g., physiatric types of interventions, which will be approached differently, or dose methodology-dependent outcomes) entails directed interventions such as “reminiscence therapy, validation therapy, and supportive psychotherapy”, “reality orientation and skills training”, and “recreational activities, art therapies, exercise, and music therapies”. Yet, the researchers believe this structure does not sufficiently encompass all of their diversity, for instance, physiatric types of interventions [2].
The heterogeneity of this diverse field matched with the consensus criteria constructed in the Delphi technique (DT) [3], with this being the main reason for the use of a muti-professional panel (physicians: Gerontology and Geriatrics, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuropathology, Neurobiology, and IT).

2. Acupuncture

Some of the literature data regarding related trials report that this type of intervention, targeting specific acupoints, can support the flow of energy across the acupuncture meridians (https://acupuncturecanada.org/acupuncture-101/what-is-acupuncture/ ((last accessed on 28 August 2023)) to “replenish qi resolve phlegm, and promote blood circulation”, outcomes objectified through favorably modified scores on the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale—cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) and Clinician’s Interview-Based Impression of Change—Plus (CIBIC-Plus) of AD patients [4]. Interestingly, studies in this field “using data mining methods” provided algorithms for appropriate acupoints that match different types of neurological pathology, including AD [5]. Specifically, “in the treatment of AD with acupuncture and moxibustion”, many acupoints are “selected from the Governor Vessel”, being prevalent in the “combination of the local acupoints with the distal ones” [6].

Electroacupuncture

This kind of intervention is a newer form of acupuncture that uses low-intensity electric currents delivered through small electrodes connected to acupuncture needles inserted into specific acupoints to augment the therapeutic effects (https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/what-is-electroacupuncture ((Last accessed on 28 October 2023)); applied at “at acupoints on the head”, these have shown outcomes quantified by the enhancements in the scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), in patients with AD [4].

3. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

The method, based on first determining abnormal cognition, emotions, and or habitus reactions, “is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that… combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy”, thus improving the affected individual’s ability to cope (Kendra Cherry (Updated on 10 August 2022). Medically reviewed by Rachel Goldman–https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-cognitive-behavior-therapy-2795747, accessed on 28 October 2023). This nonpharmacological type of intervention seems to be useful in the treatment of insomnia. Such chronically affected persons appear to be prone to cognitive decline earlier in life and, therefore, to developing AD and “Usual CBT (CBT-I–cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia–o. n.)… enhance cognitive function”; moreover, at the intimate level, the “preliminary findings suggest that CBT may reduce the rate of Aβ deposition in older adults with insomnia and potentially delay” the onset of AD [7].

Counseling and Psychoeducation

This kind of procedure is quite complementary, possibly merging with CBT, as it “provides systematic disease-specific information”, contributing to the promotion of a healthy lifestyle, including better coping strategies [8]. Such types of interventions (including “multifaceted and semi-tailored counseling, education, and support” [9]), administered for a longer time, with telephone tracking and related guidance provision [10], showed a “small positive effect” in the treatment of depression in patients with mild AD, according to the Danish Alzheimer Intervention Study (DAISY) [9]. As the implications, at the intimate level, of different environmental destressing agents are well known (for instance, the influence upon the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) “in specific brain regions” [11]).

4. Environmental Adjustment

Connected to this subject matter, “loneliness and social isolation”—with marked detrimental psychological and biological consequences, including favoring the development of AD—are, as already pointed out from different perspectives, a matter of public health and policy [12]. So, combating these issues has become an important social/community goal “in a demographically aging population” [13]. Moreover, a clinical (the University of California (UCLA) Los Angeles Loneliness Scale [14], respectively revised [15]) and imagistic (i.e., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) evaluation instrument has been developed to objectify and assess the consequences of loneliness: “the loneliness score was significantly negatively correlated with rWMD” (regional WM density) “in eight clusters” of the brain cortex [16]. Being rather eclectic and with a variable taxonomical framing, an approach found in the literature designed to mitigate loneliness in the elderly was the physical practice of “reminiscence therapy, and technological interventions”, used as a community contribution to “improve the social milieu of older adults” [17]. Related examples include “community-based services (i.e., meeting centers, Alzheimer’s Cafés)” [18] and/or “organizing social events” [13]. Even deeper within the intimacy of the superior nervous activity’s biological support are “Musical Abilities, Pleiotropy (genetic kind), Language, and Environment”, including a “musically and linguistically enriched” (MAPLE) integrative framework. This is a complex endeavor that may be helpful to add necessary knowledge about the alterations to underlying premonitory semiology aspects—and even maybe related biomarkers—of communication problems [19]. Additional related endeavors include “Modification to the built environment, Fall prevention, Digital Health” [20]. Another dimension of environmental adjustment is oriented towards making it more agreeable. In this respect, aromatherapy is a common procedure used among adults, including healthy individuals, as a wellness, relaxation, and non-standardized procedure. As medicines based on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the ones used more often in AD, and considering, in this respect, the possible helpful composition of Salvia officinalis [21], the use of the “essential oil (EO) of Salvia officinalis (common sage)” [22] was recommended in the literature for the treatment of AD [23].

5. Exercise/Physical Activity

These kinds of “low-cost accessible” [24] nonpharmacological procedures are frequently discussed in many studies, as they have attracted growing interest in recent decades. This results from the accumulation of enhanced and deeper knowledge in most of the medical domains, and in this context, consistent with evidence-based principles, the benefits of physical activity are now more well-established. The benefits, as well as the limits and even adverse effects, of a larger amount of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions, are now known. Therefore, the literature provides a topical, balanced, and more holistic approach paradigm that the researchers consider largely applicable. In terms of specific, disease-centered treatment, “a multidisciplinary support intervention program should contain pain therapy, nutritional medicine, and exercise therapy” [25]. Generally, in addition to its ability to counteract depression, including its onset, there are known beneficial actions of physical activity, especially when integrated within a healthy pro-active lifestyle. Improvements to body image and self-esteem, as well as self-capabilities to efficiently solve daily tasks, consequently improve quality of life (QOL), thus contributing to the reduction in the occurrence or development of cognitive problems [26]. Overall, a proactive lifestyle, including controlled physical exercise or sports, could mitigate the risk of AD appearance and postpone “the onset of loss of autonomy by 7 to 10 years” [27]. Such interventions produce extensive effects. Hence, physical exercise can adaptatively promote the general homeostatic balance of the organism, and at the same time, affect biological states and functions, from the intimate level of cells and tissues to organs, apparatuses, and systems. For instance, “a single exercise session is sufficient to produce acute changes at the transcriptional level”, and, if repeatedly practiced, through related adaptation, exercise can generate “more lasting effects on protein function” [28]. In elderly humans, exercise enhances memory and learning and slows down mental decline. The onset of AD is delayed in individuals who exercise, and there is some evidence that the cognitive decline may be delayed [29], including the paraphysiological aspects associated with aging and also the onset of dementias (e.g., AD), based on complex, subtle, multi-target actions at various morpho-physiological levels [22][23][24]. Exercise may be most beneficial in individuals who are ApoE4-positive, although this requires further study. Recent imaging studies in young humans demonstrate that 12 weeks of exercise aimed at cardiovascular benefit increases blood flow in the hippocampus, and this is associated with improved learning tasks. Taken together, these observations suggest that exercise has a beneficial effect on the function of the cerebral vasculature, resulting in a more efficient clearing of the toxic soluble Aβ from the aging brain [30]. Yet, although this type of procedure could augment the blood flow in the brain (as in the case of AD), the direct effective action of this augmentation on intellective functions is questionable [24]. However, the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is “an index of prefrontal regional brain oxygenation”, and its fluctuations are considered detrimental to cognition, thereby possibly also reflecting the recovery process in traumatic brain injury (TBI), AD, and mild cognitive decline (MCI). Even just walking at ”low or moderate intensity” may ameliorate “cognitive function mediated by the increased prefrontal oxygenation” it produces [31]. Additionally, exercise enhances brain metabolic activity and the synthesis/release of BDNF, “which support brain plasticity and angiogenesis in the hippocampus” [32]. As the amount of BDNF being disturbed in AD is high [33], the ability of physical exercise to increase BDNF is widely pointed out in the literature [34][35]. Regarding the efficacy of exercise in terms of brain biology and the modulation of BDNF levels, resistance training (RT) “at moderate intensity” is recommended and has proven effective. Accounting for individual tolerance is recommended but ought to be in accordance with patient-centered needs, possibilities, and choices in order to ensure adherence to an exercise regimen [36]. Further exploration of the related actions at the intimate biological level revealed that exercise “can influence the transcriptome characteristics of monocytes”. Actually, at the intimate level, moderate exercise seems to favor the molecular expression associated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) of induced trans-endothelial monocytes’ passage, including their adhesion. Based on these stimulated actions, monocytes have a potential role in the control and prevention of AD [37]. Additionally, Irisin, which is a myokine largely expressed in different tissues and organs, decreases with age and, hence, is possibly involved in different illnesses of this type. Thus, it may contribute to the amelioration of such diseases, including AD. The main intimate mechanisms involved seem to be the support of autophagy (that naturally tends to reduce with age) at its basic level, including ameliorating metabolic and cellular equilibrium and stability, along with the opposition to excess ROS generation, with the consequent mitigation of inflammatory status [38]. The literature also proposes the establishment of “a direct link between exercise and microbiota gut-brain communication”, with the immune system being an “essential modulator” [39].

Music and Dancing

It is considered that listening to one’s preferred music and/or singing and using musical instruments may be able to induce positive feelings, and this effect targets the intimate level of neuroplasticity. In the literature, the actions of listening to music are said to have effects “on autobiographical memory, emotion, and cognitive function in patients” with AD [40]. There is not yet a complete understanding of its beneficial biomedical and psychological effects, but the proposed actions are said to focus on the cerebral structures involved in emotivity and decision functionality, “including sympathetic arousal and dopaminergic circuit activation” [41]. However, generally, melotherapy (neurologic music therapy) is considered in some of the literature data to have the capability of mitigating the expansion of neurodegenerative pathologies such as AD, including combating the related reduction in social relationships and possibly even actions like ameliorating motor impairments that frequently appear after brain lesions [42]. Therefore, the enhanced availability of music is to be considered in domiciliary settings such as “daycare centers and nursing homes” [43]. Music “combines science and art”, and therefore its actions on brain activity can be measured using neurophysiological tests (electroencephalography (EEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and imaging (using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)). The assessment using these methods shows that there seems to be no important difference between the stimulatory cerebral actions induced by listening to a favorite or an unfamiliar piece of music, while the cerebral activity evaluated with fMRI in both patients with depression and those without “under positive and negative music stimulation” showed “that their regions of interest (ROI) characteristics are quite different” [44]. Regarding the contribution of AI-aided fMRI, including in the approach used for AD patients, it is believed that this could offer useful information for clinicians as additional data for training [45]. According to recent sophisticated neurophysiological and imagistic data, it has been reported that listening to music seems to interfere with cerebral connectivity, thus possibly providing therapeutic benefits to patients with disorders of the default mode networks (DMNs) and/or of the psycho-cognitive reward processes, including in AD. In this respect, “the mPFC (medial prefrontal cortex–o. n.) and PCC (posterior cingulate cortex–o. n.) are most sensitive to changes in functional connectivity” [46]. Listening to music appears to quickly improve “autobiographic memory and category fluency. … some improved in short-term memory, working memory, total verbal recall, and digit span” in people with dementia and in “orientation, and psychomotor speed” after up to four months and six months, respectively, with this kind of procedure [47]. Additionally, listening to instrumentally produced melodies and rhythms, administered for a period of about four months, was shown to consistently reduce hallucinations [48]. There is evidence that patients with AD perform better when words are associated with music [49], and this may even “foster a sense of connection, communication, relaxation, and emotional well-being” [50], aside from the beneficial effect in situations when habitus related to depression and/or anxiety occurs [51] in such patients. However, it should be noted that this is confirmed for severe habitus, whereas the amelioration of memory and/or speech fluency only occurs in mild AD [52]. There is little peer-reviewed published data on the benefits of dancing in the elderly, although there are many reports of improvement in mood, cognition, and coordination. One large prospective study performed in the USA demonstrates that dancing and playing musical instruments are associated with a lower risk of developing dementia. In fact, a so-called active dimension (involving participation vocally/instrumentally and even creating songs and/or dancing) has been identified in contrast to a passive one, i.e., only listening to music [41][50]. Recent literature data suggest the possible prophylactic role of music regarding neurodegeneration in predisposed individuals, considering that a suitable target population is represented by persons either with related genetic risk factors and/or with incipient intellective regress, and the subclinical occurrence of AD usually precedes the full disease [53]. Also, in AD’s incipient stages, to counteract the “impairment in the central executive system” and to improve their “executive functioning”, such older affected persons “may require interventions that are more cognitively intense than traditional” ones. A related example reported in the literature is “a dual-task-based music therapy intervention that involved drum playing and singing”, thus aiming at ameliorating “attentional and motor controls”, with good outcomes [54]. Yet, despite the overall favorable effects of MT, including in AD patients, it has also been observed that “a wide and heterogeneous range of MT techniques” have been reported/approached in various papers; therefore, “this heterogeneity may affect the results of different studies” [55]. Still, a specific mention should be made for the dancing kind of therapeutic intervention: this approach might reduce intellective decline because the motricity driven by music to dance is increased [56]. Moreover, only a few months of practicing aerobic dance may ameliorate episodic recollection in patients with MCI, and this could be organically due to the volume enhancement of the (right and total) hippocampus; this is also because “MCI, especially amnestic MCI (aMCI)”, represents “an intermediate state between normal aging and dementia”, and therefore this is an important target for the preventive dimension of this type of procedure in AD [57].

6. Information Technology

A general concept sustained by the World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledges that “technology can be used to empower PwAD” (people with Alzheimer’s disease), thus enabling them to have an overall better QOL [58]. Aside from the use of different technological devices like “ the internet and computer”, “texting or videoconferencing among family and friends”, “email”, “telephone”, “social robot”, augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR) [13], “tablet applications”, and for a more comprehensive “neuropsychological” evaluation, ”robotic interfaces and wearable sensors”, the additional involvement of “music therapy” could also be more engaging for people with dementia and their caregivers as well, resulting in an improvement in care provision [58]. A large and diverse field of consequent practical applications is grouped as “mobile health (mHealth) technologies”, dating back to 2003 [59]; the Global Observatory for eHealth (GOe) “defined mHealth or mobile health as medical and public health practice supported by mobile devices”. This category includes different wireless supervision/watch devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and even smart mobile phones [60] that may serve as therapeutic interventions (e.g., art-based interventions, reminiscence therapy, cognitive training therapy, and mentalizing imagery therapy) [59]. Types of interventions such as “computer-based (or ”computerized”–o. n.) cognitive training (CCT)” [61] appear to be “a potential instrument for the improvement of cognition”. In fact, it is a technical facility that enables people to use their digital devices, including mobiles, to become interactively involved in intellective practice, possibly with access to some elements of VR (which provides especially good results), with feasible and measurable outcomes including noninvasiveness and accessibility (no special training needed and rather inexpensive). These approaches work well with technical “standard criteria” and “sustainability”, especially regarding global cognition and, specifically, “working memory, executive function … processing speed” [62]. Also, the use of the “digital-app version of the Photo-Activity”, especially of the “person-centered artistic” kind, might be a sort of “psychosocial intervention”, helpful for both cognitive-behavioral and social relationships among institutionalized patients with dementia, including those with AD [63]. The same seems to go for “digital storytelling”, which represents a rather newer computer-based facility, and could improve QOL through tracing and reciprocating various lived situations, including for elderly people with AD [64], “after having viewed their story” [65]. This may partially be true for telemedicine as well, especially in situations that lack opportunities for a direct professional approach [66], as the majority of the procedures based on mHealth technologies seem to provide good results when availed by patients with MCI or dementias, including AD [67]. Digital/information technology also raises some issues related to human-computer interaction (HCI). Hence, on the one hand, in order to maximize its bio-medical and social advantages and, on the other hand, to minimize possible side effects (for instance, different degrees of dependency/addiction), an adequate approach to this rapidly developing domain focuses on the “positive technology” paradigm. This focuses on facilities meant to augment the beneficiary’s experience and mainly encompasses ”hedonic technologies”, used to generate good/beneficial feelings, ”eudemonic technologies”, which help people to become involved in and achieve life experiences, and “social/interpersonal technologies” that sustain fair inter-human (individually and/or collectively) relationships. All of these are based on providing different digital solutions, including “virtual reality environments”, targeting psychological soundness and QOL [68]. Yet, a precise rating of these already numerous and rather diverse kinds of digitally based technologies is difficult, at least regarding one of their main scopes: to mitigate loneliness and/or social isolation, with their negative aforementioned consequences, considering “the vagueness of the concepts and related measures” [13].

Virtual Reality (VR)

The developing domain of VR/VE (virtual environment) interventions also encompasses augmented reality (AR) procedures. As advanced digital facilities, regarding their therapeutic–rehabilitative outcomes, all of them depend on both the technological types and level of the devices used and the potential beneficiaries’ capabilities to favorably interact with the kinds of information such methods provide [69]. Although rather old, appearing in the 1980s, VR boosted its involvement in addressing different pathologies, including neuropsychiatric types like AD, at the beginning of the last decade, partially because of related concerns regarding the neuro-/biopsychological side effects [70][71]; specifically, some patients with AD “did experience boredom, fear, and anxiety while using VR applications” [72], as well as possible social, more extended, consequences. Therefore, generally speaking, from a medical perspective, since the beginning VR has been considered as a bundle of modern methods that can be procedures added on to the classical therapeutic–rehabilitative ones, without tending to replace them, which can (if appropriately indicated and applied) supplement the multimodal information provided to the users; it thus extends the amount of data brought to them, sometimes more safely and/or ecologically, and hence, it may offer a better-matched construct of the specific sanogenic approaches’ administration [73]. In particular, it can help through its immersive dimension/component, an advanced type of apparatus consisting of head-mounted displays (HMDs) that are able to virtually reproduce/simulate real-life environments and situations, which interact with the perceptions/related experiences of “the first-person perspective (1 PP)”, thus being able “to facilitate recovery and enhance motor or cognitive functions in” such affected persons, with applications that include reproducing real-life situations (e.g., shopping with a pre-established list of products and visiting different virtual market environments); this is a training and measurable approach, interacting with important challenging cognitive functions, such as working recollection, spatial memory and orientation, intellective planning, and related performance [74], with favorable effects on cognition preservation [75]. It should also be noted that the mitigation of apathy has been observed more after “non-immersive virtual experiences” [76]. However, there are also more reticent opinions regarding the safety and nuanced effectiveness of the use of VR in AD patients [76][77]. On the other hand, targeting a very desirable therapeutic direction to be attained, i.e., relaxation and positive emotions provision, in the literature, the most common real-world elements reproduced for this purpose, by (immersive) VR, are short movies displaying beautiful outer and/or inner natural landscapes [78]. From intimate and motor points of view, in AD this kind of intervention would both induce neuroplasticity and support pace practice by matching plural digital make-believes of routine activities with an exercising gait on a treadmill and/or on a stabilometric-type moveable apparatus, meant to (re-)train stance and motion [79]. To the above examples of beneficial VR interventions must be added another, considering that elderly patients often have more or less severe disabilities [71][78] (not seldom cumulative, as the characteristic pathology paradigm in the elderly is multimorbidity [80]) that limit or can even jeopardize their access in natural environments [71][78].

7. Lifestyle Factors

Factors such as diet and exercise improve cognitive function and may protect against AD [81]. More precisely, there is a quite broad spectrum of opinion regarding the beneficial effects of some of the Mediterranean diet’s components and in the complete diet itself in counteracting intimate processes of aging (in general and of the brain in particular) and in mitigating the related intellectual decline, including AD. The same seems to be true, on one hand, for the ketogenic [82] diet, “a dietary approach characterized by high-fat and low-carbohydrate intake, aiming to facilitate weight loss, enhance mental clarity, and boost energy levels” [83], and for physical activity/exercise, on the other [82]. Yet, it is still not clear whether a change in diet in middle-aged or elderly individuals can improve or halt the progress of mild cognitive MCI to dementia [84].

7.1. Sensory Practices

Within this generic denomination are included “aromatherapy, massage, multi-sensory stimulation, bright light therapy)” [85]. The literature suggests that these provide good outcomes for some often-encountered problems in AD, e.g., habitus problems and symptoms of depression [51].

7.2. Validation Therapy

This kind of nonpharmacological intervention is part of what some authors collectively denote “psychosocial practices” (aside from, for instance, “meaningful activities”, “pet therapy”, as well as reminiscence therapy (RT) and “music therapy” [85]; however, the researchers consider the latter two to be more consistent; therefore, the researchers placed them into a different taxonomy–see “Music and dancing”). However, such procedures can be also ”an alternative approach to treating delusions and hallucinations in dementia” [48].

8. Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation (LDIR)

Lately, in the literature, low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) has been considered to be a kind of procedure adequate for use in AD, among other neurodegenerative diseases. This is connected to its possible intimate actions: “radiation hormesis”, which refers to a general capability of living entities to favorably respond by adaptation to various stressor agents and, hence, to enhance their biological resilience and functional performances, this being the case of LDIR, too [86]. More precisely, it supports enzymatic repair in various biological structures, including the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) level, with favorable actions on the gene expression related to neuroprotective biological mechanisms, within related protective mechanisms of antioxidant prophylaxis, with ROS depletion and enhancement of the cells’ resilience to the damaging actions of these moieties, and the consequent convergent promotion of the genome’s stability, with anti-inflammatory (inclusive regarding neuroinflammation) actions in various tissues. As for the central nervous system (CNS), at least mainly in animal experimental models, it would promote molecular and synaptic entities’ performance and even myelin production and neurogenesis. Besides these many beneficial effects, an open question remains regarding the possible appearance of detrimental actions of applying LDIR to the CNS [86].

9. Mechanical-Based Stimulation

As found in the literature, this kind of different procedural intervention mainly encompasses whole-body vibration (WBV), transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUSS), and lately, auditory stimulation (AS) [87]. Regarding WBV, this represents a kinesiologic–electromechanically-based type of therapeutic–rehabilitative and/or even prophylactic procedure that comprises the exposure to low-frequency mechanical vibrations, using a related apparatus able to produce such a form of energy, usually a kind of specific platform on which the whole body is placed [88]; it is a mechanical low-frequency vibratory passive stimulation [89] that “may offer an alternative for active exercise training... “ proving to be “an effective intervention” with beneficial actions on various body structures and functions “to improve physical fitness” mainly of “the musculoskeletal system...” but also with favorable involvement at the hormonal and nervous system levels, specifically through favoring neurotrophy, neurotransmission, and maybe even neurogenic functions, all resembling the effects of active exercises [90]. In animal experiments, TUSS has shown favorable actions on cerebral circuitry and afferent neuroplasticity; specifically, AS, based on using “trains of tones”, appeared to sustain gamma brain waves, with beneficial effects in AD at the intimate pathological level and consequent related habitus improvement [53]. Generally, the three aforementioned types of “low-cost and noninvasive mechanical-based interventions” have shown their “effectiveness, safety, and feasibility” in the complex symptomatic spectrum of AD, but because the related human studies are still few and heterogenic in terms of the therapeutic methodology used, there is need for further confirmation [87].

10. Photobiomodulation (PBM)

This physiatric type of intervention, also called (low-)level LASER therapy (LLLT) and LASER biostimulation, also seems to be promising in AD. Its main beneficial effects are based on a claim in the literature that it improves action at a mitochondrial level [91]; it ameliorates the “behavioral results and reduces amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles”, seeming especially to have favorable actions at the basic intimate mitochondrial level including “mitochondria fission and fusion” regulation (of “glial cells and neuroinflammation”, too), stimulating/modulating the cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) functionality, and through antioxidant actions. On the other hand, different collateral or long-term (side)effects need further examination, as the “brain is a difficult-to-irradiate organ” [92].

11. Reminiscence Therapy (RT)

This intervention, defined as “structured use of memories, experiences, and prompts” [93], was considered for the cognitive treatment of AD, beginning in the 1990s, and it specifically consists of stimulating the affected persons to, as much as possible, accurately retrace and interactively communicate memories of their lived experiences [94], thus being an “appropriate nursing intervention to the cognitively impaired elderly” [95]. The construct particularly of the RT is the preponderant emphasis on remote memory, with less importance given to the short term, by both the AD patient and the “facilitator” [95]. Generally, RT is a nonpharmacological care type of intervention that may be used in order to overall ameliorate the QOL and as an additional procedure to mitigate depression and anxiety [94]. Basically, RT is a category of “cognitive therapy” interventions, usually associating/incorporating “reality orientation training” [96]. Works on this subject have shown the beneficial value of RT, aside from the abovementioned fields, on intellectual functions, including an improved capability to fulfill tasks of daily living, based on recalling their former memories, mainly in mild-to-moderate AD patients, in association with relevant related static and/or moving images and music [97], as a choice/complementary intervention for “treating delusions and hallucinations in dementia” [48]. In addition, regarding RT, “more recently, digital storage and presentation of photographs, music, and video clips have become widely used [98]. An important biomedical link has been reported between RT and feeding; the former encourages persons with dementia to enjoy meals specific to the origin culture and remote experiences from their childhood, including participating in traditional related gastronomic events and involvement in cooking, using their tastes and customs, established before becoming mentally ill [99]. Moreover, through ”electroencephalography (EEG) signals for automatic emotion recognition” one can see the objective effects of RT; in addition, “the pleasure level of RT and the (o. n.: eu-)stress level of the conversation is more conducive to the emotion classification of older people in the communication support systems” [100]. Hence, RT “can help improve communication, feelings of belonging..., mood, wellbeing”, with beneficial intellective actions; further, with the aid of the impressive actual development and expansion of artificial intelligence (AI), there can be related digital progress: re-configuring RT in a customized paradigm, resembling the features provided by a human health professional (skilled/licensed carer or respectively, therapist), targeting thereby an “intangible cultural heritage”, including “facial expression analysis and reinforcement learning techniques”. Thus, by recognizing a user’s facial emotions, an adequately informed piece of software could emulate RT more appropriately and promptly [101]. AI can thus be helpful “for assessment of cognitive and functional impairment in” AD patients [102]. Apart from cognition, RT could thus improve the QOL of patients with dementia, including AD and/or vascular [103], and “using immersive VR may be more effective as it would be more realistic than traditional reminiscence therapy and could lead to increased engagement”, proving, according to different works, to be effective against “anxiety, depression, apathy, and negative mood states” [78], as well as “improving semantic verbal fluency, immediately after a short intervention program in elderly”, and even reducing “depressive symptoms” [104]. In this context, the researchers emphasize the important relation between the appearance of cognitive involvement/impairment and depression; in the elderly, the rate of intellective downfall can actually also predict the appearance or ingravescence of (associated) depression: [105]. Conversely, regarding depression (and anxiety, too), it “may be clinically observed many years before the onset of significant cognitive symptoms” [8].

12. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

This is a physiatric procedure/intervention that appears promising in AD, with favorable pathogenic targeting outcomes, i.e., diminishing the accretion of Aβ peptides, counteracting “tauopathy”/”hyperphosphorylation”, and, at the geno-molecular level, mitigating ApoE “expression” and stimulating (protective) autophagy [92]. An “open-label extended follow-up study” claimed that multisession maintenance, with the therapeutic administration of rTMS, sustained over the long term, was preferable to a short-term dosage (for instance, two weeks in AD). In addition, it may be better when “multisite” is administered, mainly acting on “cognitive and executive functions” [106]. Although not well understood [107][108], its principal known action mechanisms are as follows. In AD, the amount of BDNF dependent on/controlled by the long-term potentiation (LTP) and the overall functioning of neurons decreases in the rTMS, thus increasing the levels of this neurotrophic factor (since a longer time is known to have neuroprotective effects in AD [83], as well as in PD [84][109]). Redressing or at least abating abnormal LTP-like neuroplasticity and the connected disturbances of cells’ communication bio-codes and “concurrent cognitive training and/or patients with higher education” may result in better outcomes” [108]. An important genetic factor involved in the predisposition to sporadic AD is the presence of the APOE ε4 allele, which would detrimentally interfere with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)’s -ergic deterrent support connectivity, thus altering the aggregation of the Aβ peptide and also the egestion of its soluble form. Accordingly, “rTMS as a modifier of inhibitory neuron function… reduces GABAergic synaptic strength on principal neurons” [107]. So, as rTMS is “an inhibitory neuron function modifier” and including its action on GABAergic synapses, it can favorably intervene in the functional ensemble of the equilibrium between neural inhibition and excitation [108]. Aside from modulating synapses’ activity/neuroplasticity and exerting antiapoptotic actions, as well as PBM, it regulates neuroinflammation and, although not fully confirmed, on glial cells. On the other hand, rTMS needs further research, including a more complete identification of possible undesirable reactions, among which are (although rare) seizures [92].

References

  1. Yoo, J.; Oh, J.; Kim, S.-Y.; Shin, J.; Kim, S.; Roh, C. Impact of Digital Device, Exercise, and Music Intervention Programs on the Cognition and Depression of the Elderly in South Korea: A Meta-Regression Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4036.
  2. Oba, H.; Kobayashi, R.; Kawakatsu, S.; Suzuki, K.; Otani, K.; Ihara, K. Non-pharmacological Approaches to Apathy and Depression: A Scoping Review of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 815913.
  3. Arakawa, N.; Bader, L.R. Consensus development methods: Considerations for national and global frameworks and policy development. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm. 2022, 18, 2222–2229.
  4. Wang, J.; Zhu, X.; Li, Y.; Zhang, P.; Wang, T.; Li, M. Jiedu-Yizhi Formula Improves Cognitive Impairment in an A β 25-35-Induced Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease by Inhibiting Pyroptosis. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2022, 2022, 6091671.
  5. Wang, Y.-F.; Chen, W.-Y.; Lee, C.-T.; Shen, Y.-Y.; Lan, C.-C.; Liu, G.-T.; Kuo, C.-Y.; Chen, M.-L.; Hsieh, P.-C. Combinations of scalp acupuncture location for the treatment of post-stroke hemiparesis: A systematic review and Apriori algorithm-based association rule analysis. Front. Neurosci. 2022, 16, 956854.
  6. Chaochao, Y.; Li, W.; Lihong, K.; Feng, S.; Chaoyang, M.; Yanjun, D.; Hua, Z. Acupoint combinations used for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A data mining analysis. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2018, 38, 943–952.
  7. Carvalhas-Almeida, C.; Cavadas, C.; Álvaro, A.R. The impact of insomnia on frailty and the hallmarks of aging. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2023, 35, 253–269.
  8. Rostamzadeh, A.; Kahlert, A.; Kalthegener, F.; Jessen, F. Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: A systematic review. Alzheimer’s Res. Ther. 2022, 14, 18.
  9. Waldorff, F.B.; Buss, D.V.; Eckermann, A.; Rasmussen, M.L.H.; Keiding, N.; Rishøj, S.; Siersma, V.; Sørensen, J.; Sørensen, L.V.; Vogel, A.; et al. Efficacy of psychosocial intervention in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease: The multicentre, rater blinded, randomised Danish Alzheimer Intervention Study (DAISY). BMJ 2012, 345, 345.
  10. Loi, S.M.; Flynn, L.; Cadwallader, C.; Stretton-Smith, P.; Bryant, C.; Baker, F.A. Music and Psychology & Social Connections Program: Protocol for a Novel Intervention for Dyads Affected by Younger-Onset Dementia. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 503.
  11. Miao, Z.; Wang, Y.; Sun, Z. The relationships between stress, mental disorders, and epigenetic regulation of BDNF. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1375.
  12. Beadle, J.N.; Gifford, A.; Heller, A. A Narrative Review of Loneliness and Brain Health in Older Adults: Implications of COVID-19. Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep. 2022, 9, 73–83.
  13. Döring, N.; Conde, M.; Brandenburg, K.; Broll, W.; Gross, H.-M.; Werner, S.; Raake, A. Can Communication Technologies Reduce Loneliness and Social Isolation in Older People? A Scoping Review of Reviews. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11310.
  14. Russell, D.; Peplau, L.A.; Ferguson, M.L. Developing a Measure of Loneliness. J. Pers. Assess. 1978, 42, 290–294.
  15. Russell, D.; Peplau, L.A.; Cutrona, C.E. The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1980, 39, 472–480.
  16. Nakagawa, S.; Takeuchi, H.; Taki, Y.; Nouchi, R.; Sekiguchi, A.; Kotozaki, Y.; Miyauchi, C.M.; Iizuka, K.; Yokoyama, R.; Shinada, T.; et al. White matter structures associated with loneliness in young adults. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 17001.
  17. Hoang, P.; King, J.A.; Moore, S.; Moore, K.; Reich, K.; Sidhu, H.; Tan, C.V.; Whaley, C.; McMillan, J. Interventions Associated with Reduced Loneliness and Social Isolation in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open 2022, 5, e2236676.
  18. Chirico, I.; Ottoboni, G.; Giebel, C.; Pappadà, A.; Valente, M.; Degli Esposti, V.; Gabbay, M.; Chattat, R. COVID-19 and community-based care services: Experiences of people living with dementia and their informal carers in Italy. Health Soc. Care Community 2022, 30, e3128–e3137.
  19. Nayak, S.; Coleman, P.L.; Ladányi, E.; Nitin, R.; Gustavson, D.E.; Fisher, S.E.; Magne, C.L.; Gordon, R.L. The Musical Abilities, Pleiotropy, Language, and Environment (MAPLE) Framework for Understanding Musicality-Language Links Across the Lifespan. Neurobiol. Lang. 2022, 3, 615–664.
  20. Arias-Casais, N.; Thiyagarajan, J.A.; Perracini, M.R.; Park, E.; Block, L.V.D.; Sumi, Y.; Sadana, R.; Banerjee, A.; Han, Z.-A. What long-term care interventions have been published between 2010 and 2020? Results of a WHO scoping review identifying long-term care interventions for older people around the world. BMJ Open 2022, 12, e054492.
  21. Ghorbani, A.; Esmaeilizadeh, M. Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2017, 7, 433–440.
  22. Mot, M.D.; Gavrilaș, S.; Lupitu, A.I.; Moisa, C.; Chambre, D.; Tit, D.M.; Bogdan, M.A.; Bodescu, A.M.; Copolovici, L.; Copolovici, D.M.; et al. Salvia officinalis L. Essential Oil: Characterization, Antioxidant Properties, and the Effects of Aromatherapy in Adult Patients. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 808.
  23. Miroddi, M.; Navarra, M.; Quattropani, M.C.; Calapai, F.; Gangemi, S.; Calapai, G. Systematic review of clinical trials assessing pharmacological properties of salvia species on memory, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2014, 20, 485–495.
  24. Renke, M.B.; Marcinkowska, A.B.; Kujach, S.; Winklewski, P.J. A Systematic Review of the Impact of Physical Exercise-Induced Increased Resting Cerebral Blood Flow on Cognitive Functions. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2022, 14, 803332.
  25. Grusdat, N.P.; Stäuber, A.; Tolkmitt, M.; Schnabel, J.; Schubotz, B.; Wright, P.R.; Schulz, H. Routine cancer treatments and their impact on physical function, symptoms of cancer-related fatigue, anxiety, and depression. Support. Care Cancer 2022, 30, 3733–3744.
  26. Abedpoor, N.; Taghian, F.; Hajibabaie, F. Cross Brain–Gut Analysis Highlighted Hub Genes and LncRNA Networks Differentially Modified During Leucine Consumption and Endurance Exercise in Mice with Depression-like Behaviors. Mol. Neurobiol. 2022, 59, 4106–4123.
  27. Jemna, D.-V.; David, M.; Depret, M.-H.; Ancelot, L. Physical activity and healthcare utilization in France: Evidence from the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) 2014. BMC Public Health 2022, 22, 1355.
  28. Ding, M.; Li, H.; Zheng, L. Drosophila exercise, an emerging model bridging the fields of exercise and aging in human. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2022, 10, 966531.
  29. Meng, Q.; Lin, M.-S.; Tzeng, I.-S. Relationship Between Exercise and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Literature Review. Front. Neurosci. 2020, 14, 131.
  30. López-Ortiz, S.; Pinto-Fraga, J.; Valenzuela, P.L.; Martín-Hernández, J.; Seisdedos, M.M.; García-López, O.; Toschi, N.; Di Giuliano, F.; Garaci, F.; Mercuri, N.B.; et al. Physical Exercise and Alzheimer’ s Disease: Effects on Pathophysiological Molecular Pathways of the Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2897.
  31. Hsiao, Y.-W.; Tzeng, H.-Y.; Chu, C.-M.; Lan, H.-Y.; Chiang, H.-H. A Novel Intensity-Based Approach to Increasing Prefrontal Cerebral Oxygenation by Walking Exercise. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 510.
  32. Salzman, T.; Sarquis-Adamson, Y.; Son, S.; Montero-Odasso, M.; Fraser, S. Associations of Multidomain Interventions with Improvements in Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open 2022, 5, e226744.
  33. Wang, Y.; Zhou, H.; Luo, Q.; Cui, S. The effect of physical exercise on circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Brain Behav. 2022, 12, e2544.
  34. Venegas-Sanabria, L.C.; Cavero-Redondo, I.; Martínez-Vizcaino, V.; Cano-Gutierrez, C.A.; Álvarez-Bueno, C. Effect of multicomponent exercise in cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2022, 22, 617.
  35. Stoica, S.I.; Bleotu, C.; Ciobanu, V.; Ionescu, A.M.; Albadi, I.; Onose, G.; Munteanu, C. Considerations about Hypoxic Changes in Neuraxis Tissue Injuries and Recovery. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 481.
  36. Zhou, B.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, L.; Huang, G.; Li, B.; Chen, C.; Huang, J.; Ma, F.; Liu, T.C. Effects of different physical activities on brain-derived neurotrophic factor: A systematic review and bayesian network meta-analysis. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2022, 14, 981002.
  37. Chen, Y.; Sun, Y.; Luo, Z.; Chen, X.; Wang, Y.; Qi, B.; Lin, J.; Lin, W.-W.; Sun, C.; Zhou, Y.; et al. Exercise Modifies the Transcriptional Regulatory Features of Monocytes in Alzheimer’s Patients: A Multi-Omics Integration Analysis Based on Single Cell Technology. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2022, 14, 881488.
  38. Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Lin, S. Irisin: A bridge between exercise and neurological diseases. Heliyon 2022, 8, e12352.
  39. Gubert, C.; Gasparotto, J.; Morais, L.H. Convergent pathways of the gut microbiota–brain axis and neurodegenerative disorders. Gastroenterol. Rep. 2022, 10, goac017.
  40. Yin, S.; Zhu, F.; Li, Z.; Che, D.; Li, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhong, Y.; Luo, B.; Wu, X. Research Hotspots and Trends in Music Therapy Intervention for Patients with Dementia: A Bibliometrics and Visual Analysis of Papers Published from 2010 to 2021. Front. Psychiatry 2022, 13, 860758.
  41. Doroszkiewicz, J.; Mroczko, B. New Possibilities in the Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 8902.
  42. Sachdeva, S.; Persaud, S.; Patel, M.; Popard, P.; Colverson, A.; Doré, S. Effects of Sound Interventions on the Permeability of the Blood–Brain Barrier and Meningeal Lymphatic Clearance. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 742.
  43. Ito, E.; Nouchi, R.; Dinet, J.; Cheng, C.-H.; Husebø, B.S. The Effect of Music-Based Intervention on General Cognitive and Executive Functions, and Episodic Memory in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Recent Randomized Controlled Trials. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1462.
  44. Qiu, L.; Zhong, Y.; Xie, Q.; He, Z.; Wang, X.; Chen, Y.; Zhan, C.A.A.; Pan, J. Multi-Modal Integration of EEG-fNIRS for Characterization of Brain Activity Evoked by Preferred Music. Front. Neurorobot. 2022, 16, 823435.
  45. Chu, H.; Moon, S.; Park, J.; Bak, S.; Ko, Y.; Youn, B.-Y. The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Complementary and Alternative Medicine: A Systematic Scoping Review. Front. Pharmacol. 2022, 13, 826044.
  46. Quinci, M.A.; Belden, A.; Goutama, V.; Gong, D.; Hanser, S.; Donovan, N.J.; Geddes, M.; Loui, P. Longitudinal changes in auditory and reward systems following receptive music-based intervention in older adults. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 11517.
  47. Hofbauer, L.M.; Ross, S.D.; Rodriguez, F.S. Music-based interventions for community-dwelling people with dementia: A systematic review. Health Soc. Care Community 2022, 30, 2186–2201.
  48. Agüera-Ortiz, L.; Babulal, G.M.; Bruneau, M.-A.; Creese, B.; D’antonio, F.; Fischer, C.E.; Gatchel, J.R.; Ismail, Z.; Kumar, S.; McGeown, W.J.; et al. Psychosis as a Treatment Target in Dementia: A Roadmap for Designing Interventions. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2022, 88, 1203–1228.
  49. Simmons-Stern, N.R.; Budson, A.E.; Ally, B.A. Music as a memory enhancer in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia 2010, 48, 3164–3167.
  50. Miculas, D.C.; Negru, P.A.; Bungau, S.G.; Behl, T.; Hassan, S.S.U.; Tit, D.M. Pharmacotherapy Evolution in Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Framework and Relevant Directions. Cells 2023, 12, 131.
  51. Pardo-Moreno, T.; González-Acedo, A.; Rivas-Domínguez, A.; García-Morales, V.; García-Cozar, F.J.; Ramos-Rodríguez, J.J.; Melguizo-Rodríguez, L. Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Treatments and New Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 1117.
  52. Gassner, L.; Geretsegger, M.; Mayer-Ferbas, J. Effectiveness of music therapy for autism spectrum disorder, dementia, depression, insomnia and schizophrenia: Update of systematic reviews. Eur. J. Public Health 2022, 32, 27–34.
  53. Matziorinis, A.M.; Koelsch, S. The promise of music therapy for Alzheimer’s disease: A review. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2022, 1516, 11–17.
  54. Kim, S.J.; Park, J.-K.; Yeo, M.S. Dual-Task-Based Music Therapy to Improve Executive Functioning of Elderly Patients with Early Stage Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multiple Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11940.
  55. Flo, B.K.; Matziorinis, A.M.; Skouras, S.; Sudmann, T.T.; Gold, C.; Koelsch, S. Study protocol for the Alzheimer and music therapy study: An RCT to compare the efficacy of music therapy and physical activity on brain plasticity, depressive symptoms, and cognitive decline, in a population with and at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0270682.
  56. Kim, C.K.; Sachdev, P.S.; Braidy, N. Recent Neurotherapeutic Strategies to Promote Healthy Brain Aging: Are we there yet? Aging Dis. 2022, 13, 175–214.
  57. Zhu, Y.; Gao, Y.; Guo, C.; Qi, M.; Xiao, M.; Wu, H.; Ma, J.; Zhong, Q.; Ding, H.; Zhou, Q.; et al. Effect of 3-Month Aerobic Dance on Hippocampal Volume and Cognition in Elderly People with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2022, 14, 771413.
  58. Cammisuli, D.M.; Cipriani, G.; Castelnuovo, G. Technological Solutions for Diagnosis, Management and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Symptoms: A Structured Review of the Recent Scientific Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3122.
  59. Garnett, A.; Northwood, M.; Ting, J.; Sangrar, R. mHealth Interventions to Support Caregivers of Older Adults: Equity-Focused Systematic Review. JMIR Aging 2022, 5, e33085.
  60. World Health Organization. mHealth: New horizons for Health through Mobile Technologies. Observatory 2011, 3, 66–71. Available online: https://www.afro.who.int/publications/mhealth-new-horizons-health-through-mobile-technologie (accessed on 28 August 2023).
  61. Diaz Baquero, A.A.; Franco-Martín, M.A.; Parra Vidales, E.; Toribio-Guzmán, J.M.; Bueno-Aguado, Y.; Martinez Abad, F.; Perea Bartolomé, M.V.; Asl, A.M.; van der Roest, H.G. The Effectiveness of GRADIOR: A Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Program for People with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Dementia. Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial After 4 and 12 Months of Treatment. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2022, 86, 711–727.
  62. Li, R.; Geng, J.; Yang, R.; Ge, Y.; Hesketh, T. Effectiveness of Computerized Cognitive Training in Delaying Cognitive Function Decline in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J. Med. Internet Res. 2022, 24, e38624.
  63. Tan, J.R.O.; Boersma, P.; Ettema, T.P.; Aëgerter, L.; Gobbens, R.; Stek, M.L.; Dröes, R.-M. Known in the nursing home: Development and evaluation of a digital person-centered artistic photo-activity intervention to promote social interaction between residents with dementia, and their formal and informal carers. BMC Geriatr. 2022, 22, 25.
  64. Stargatt, J.; Bhar, S.; Bhowmik, J.; Al Mahmud, A. Digital Storytelling for Health-Related Outcomes in Older Adults: Systematic Review. J. Med. Internet Res. 2022, 24, e28113.
  65. Filoteo, J.V.; Cox, E.M.; Split, M.; Gross, M.; Culjat, M.; Keene, D. Evaluation of ReminX as a Behavioral Intervention for Mild to Moderate Dementia. In Proceedings of the 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Honolulu, HI, USA, 18–21 July 2018; pp. 3314–3317.
  66. Shaughnessy, L.; Brunton, S.; Chepke, C.; Farmer, J.G.; Rosenzweig, A.S.; Grossberg, G. Using Telemedicine to Assess and Manage Psychosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases in Long-Term Care. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2022, 23, 1145–1152.
  67. Fadzil, N.H.M.; Shahar, S.; Rajikan, R.; Singh, D.K.A.; Ludin, A.F.M.; Subramaniam, P.; Ibrahim, N.; Vanoh, D.; Ali, N.M. A Scoping Review for Usage of Telerehabilitation among Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Cognitive Frailty. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4000.
  68. Talbot, C.V.; Briggs, P. The use of digital technologies by people with mild-to-moderate dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic: A positive technology perspective. Dementia 2022, 21, 1363–1380.
  69. Onose, G.; Morcov, M.V.; Sporea, C.; Mirea, A.; Ciobanu, V. Augmentation and Rehabilitation with Active Orthotic Devices. In Modern Approaches to Augmentation of Brain Function; Opris, I., Lebedev, M.A., Casanova, M.F., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; ISBN 978-3-030-54563-5.
  70. Gauthier, C.; Arel, J.; Brosseau, R.; Hicks, A.L.; Gagnon, D.H. Reliability and minimal detectable change of a new treadmill-based progressive workload incremental test to measure cardiorespiratory fitness in manual wheelchair users. J. Spinal Cord Med. 2017, 40, 759–767.
  71. Philippe, T.J.; Sikder, N.; Jackson, A.; Koblanski, M.E.; Liow, E.; Pilarinos, A.; Vasarhelyi, K. Digital Health Interventions for Delivery of Mental Health Care: Systematic and Comprehensive Meta-Review. JMIR Ment. Health 2022, 9, e35159.
  72. Usmani, S.S.; Sharath, M.; Mehendale, M. Future of mental health in the metaverse. Gen. Psychiatry 2022, 35, e100825.
  73. Cavedoni, S.; Cipresso, P.; Mancuso, V.; Bruni, F.; Pedroli, E. Virtual reality for the assessment and rehabilitation of neglect: Where are we now? A 6-year review update. Virtual Real. 2022, 26, 1663–1704.
  74. Moon, H.-J.; Han, S. Perspective: Present and Future of Virtual Reality for Neurological Disorders. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 1692.
  75. Zhao, J.; Lu, Y.; Zhou, F.; Mao, R.; Fei, F. Systematic Bibliometric Analysis of Research Hotspots and Trends on the Application of Virtual Reality in Nursing. Front. Public Health 2022, 10, 906715.
  76. Clay, F.; Howett, D.; FitzGerald, J.; Fletcher, P.; Chan, D.; Price, A. Use of Immersive Virtual Reality in the Assessment and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2020, 75, 23–43.
  77. Chung, O.S.; Robinson, T.; Johnson, A.M.; Dowling, N.L.; Ng, C.H.; Yücel, M.; Segrave, R.A. Implementation of Therapeutic Virtual Reality into Psychiatric Care: Clinicians’ and Service Managers’ Perspectives. Front. Psychiatry 2022, 12, 791123.
  78. Kalantari, S.; Xu, T.B.; Mostafavi, A.; Lee, A.; Barankevich, R.; Boot, W.R.; Czaja, S.J. Using a Nature-Based Virtual Reality Environment for Improving Mood States and Cognitive Engagement in Older Adults: A Mixed-Method Feasibility Study. Innov. Aging 2022, 6, igac015.
  79. Scott, H.; Griffin, C.; Coggins, W.; Elberson, B.; Abdeldayem, M.; Virmani, T.; Larson-Prior, L.J.; Petersen, E. Virtual Reality in the Neurosciences: Current Practice and Future Directions. Front. Surg. 2022, 8, 807195.
  80. Rizzuto, D.; Melis, R.J.F.; Angleman, S.; Qiu, C.; Marengoni, A. Effect of Chronic Diseases and Multimorbidity on Survival and Functioning in Elderly Adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2017, 65, 1056–1060.
  81. Ruiz-Muelle, A.; López-Rodríguez, M.M. Dance for People with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2019, 16, 919–933.
  82. Guo, J.; Huang, X.; Dou, L.; Yan, M.; Shen, T.; Tang, W.; Li, J. Aging and aging-related diseases: From molecular mechanisms to interventions and treatments. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2022, 7, 391.
  83. Masood, W.; Annamaraju, P.; Khan Suheb, M.Z.; Uppaluri, K.R. Ketogenic Diet. In StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2023. Available online: https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499830/ (accessed on 28 August 2023).
  84. Arora, S.; Santiago, J.A.; Bernstein, M.; Potashkin, J.A. Diet and lifestyle impact the development and progression of Alzheimer’s dementia. Front. Nutr. 2023, 10, 1213223.
  85. Warren, A. Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia as a Means of Communication: Considerations for Reducing Stigma and Promoting Person-Centered Care. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 875246.
  86. Jebelli, J.; Hamper, M.C.; Van Quelef, D.; Caraballo, D.; Hartmann, J.; Kumi-Diaka, J. The Potential Therapeutic Effects of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Cureus 2022, 14, e23461.
  87. Monteiro, F.; Sotiropoulos, I.; Carvalho, Ó.; Sousa, N.; Silva, F.S. Multi-mechanical waves against Alzheimer’s disease pathology: A systematic review. Transl. Neurodegener. 2021, 10, 36.
  88. van Heuvelen, M.J.G.; Rittweger, J.; Judex, S.; Sañudo, B.; Seixas, A.; Fuermaier, A.B.M.; Tucha, O.; Nyakas, C.; Marín, P.J.; Taiar, R.; et al. Reporting guidelines for whole-body vibration studies in humans, animals and cell cultures: A consensus statement from an international group of experts. Biology 2021, 10, 965.
  89. Alashram, A.R.; Padua, E.; Romagnoli, C.; Annino, G. Effectiveness of focal muscle vibration on hemiplegic upper extremity spasticity in individuals with stroke: A systematic review. NeuroRehabilitation 2019, 45, 471–481.
  90. Oroszi, T.; de Boer, S.F.; Nyakas, C.; Schoemaker, R.G.; van der Zee, E.A. Chronic whole body vibration ameliorates hippocampal neuroinflammation, anxiety-like behavior, memory functions and motor performance in aged male rats dose dependently. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 9020.
  91. Xie, X.; Shu, R.; Yu, C.; Fu, Z.; Li, Z. Mammalian AKT, the Emerging Roles on Mitochondrial Function in Diseases. Aging Dis. 2022, 13, 157–174.
  92. Wu, C.; Feng, S.; Zhu, L.; Yang, L.; Liu, T.C.-Y.; Duan, R. Therapeutic non-invasive brain treatments in Alzheimer’s disease: Recent advances and challenges. Inflamm. Regen. 2022, 42, 31.
  93. Ries, J.D. A framework for rehabilitation for older adults living with dementia. Arch. Physiother. 2022, 12, 9.
  94. Huang, T.; Su, H.; Zhang, S.; Huang, Y. Reminiscence therapy-based care program serves as an optional nursing modality in alleviating anxiety and depression, improving quality of life in surgical prostate cancer patients. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2022, 54, 2467–2476.
  95. Rentz, C.A. Reminiscence. A supportive intervention for the person with Alzheimer’s disease. J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv. 1995, 33, 15–20.
  96. Jopowicz, A.; Wiśniowska, J.; Tarnacka, B. Cognitive and Physical Intervention in Metals’ Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 345.
  97. Cuevas, P.E.G.; Davidson, P.M.; Mejilla, J.L.; Rodney, T.W. Reminiscence therapy for older adults with Alzheimer’s disease: A literature review. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 2020, 29, 364–371.
  98. Woods, B.; O’Philbin, L.; Farrell, E.M.; Spector, A.E.; Orrell, M. Reminiscence Therapy for Dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2018, 3, CD001120.
  99. Nair, P.; Barrado-Martín, Y.; Anantapong, K.; Moore, K.; Smith, C.; Sampson, E.; Manthorpe, J.; Walters, K.; Davies, N. Experiences of Carers and People with Dementia from Ethnic Minority Groups Managing Eating and Drinking at Home in the United Kingdom. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2395.
  100. Jiang, L.; Siriaraya, P.; Choi, D.; Kuwahara, N. Emotion Recognition Using Electroencephalography Signals of Older People for Reminiscence Therapy. Front. Physiol. 2022, 12, 823013.
  101. Nebot, À.; Domènech, S.; Albino-Pires, N.; Mugica, F.; Benali, A.; Porta, X.; Nebot, O.; Santos, P.M. LONG-REMI: An AI-Based Technological Application to Promote Healthy Mental Longevity Grounded in Reminiscence Therapy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5997.
  102. Ray, A.; Bhardwaj, A.; Malik, Y.K.; Singh, S.; Gupta, R. Artificial intelligence and Psychiatry: An overview. Asian J. Psychiatry 2022, 70, 103021.
  103. Pérez-Sáez, E.; Justo-Henriques, S.I.; Apóstolo, J.L.A. Multicenter randomized controlled trial of the effects of individual reminiscence therapy on cognition, depression and quality of life: Analysis of a sample of older adults with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2022, 36, 1975–1996.
  104. Huang, L.-C.; Yang, Y.-H. The Long-term Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Reminiscence in People with Dementia: Longitudinal Observational Study. JMIR Serious Games 2022, 10, e36720.
  105. Gao, Z.; Liu, C.; Yang, L.; Mei, X.; Wei, X.; Kuang, J.; Zhou, K.; Xu, M. Corrigendum: Longitudinal Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults: A Parallel Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach. Int. J. Public Health 2022, 67, 1605525.
  106. Lefaucheur, J.-P.; Aleman, A.; Baeken, C.; Benninger, D.H.; Brunelin, J.; Di Lazzaro, V.; Filipović, S.R.; Grefkes, C.; Hasan, A.; Hummel, F.C.; et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014–2018). Clin. Neurophysiol. 2020, 131, 474–528.
  107. Weiler, M.; Stieger, K.C.; Long, J.M.; Rapp, P.R. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in Alzheimer’s disease: Are we ready? eNeuro 2020, 7.
  108. Somaa, F.A.; de Graaf, T.A.; Sack, A.T. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Front. Neurol. 2022, 13, 793253.
  109. Murer, M.; Yan, Q.; Raisman-Vozari, R. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the control human brain, and in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 2001, 63, 71–124.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Geriatrics & Gerontology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Sorina Aurelian
,
Adela Ciobanu
,
Roxana Cărare
,
Simona-Isabelle Stoica
,
Aurelian Anghelescu
,
Vlad Ciobanu
,
Gelu Onose
,
Constantin Munteanu
,
Cristina Popescu
,
Ioana Andone
,
Aura Spînu
,
Carmen Firan
,
Ioana Simona Cazacu
,
Andreea-Iulia Trandafir
,
Mihai Băilă
,
Ruxandra-Luciana Postoiu
,
Andreea Zamfirescu
View Times: 114
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 12 Dec 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback