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Topic Review
Metformin in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Metformin is a synthetic biguanide that improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis. Aside being the first-line therapy for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), many pleiotropic effects have been discovered in recent years, such as its capacity to reduce cancer risk and tumorigenesis.
  • 546
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Rare Genetic Syndromes and Oral Anomalies
Rare genetic syndromes, conditions with a global average prevalence of 40 cases/100,000 people, are associated with anatomical, physiological, and neurological anomalies that may affect different body districts, including the oral district.
  • 546
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Therapy for DLBCL
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL)s, the most common type of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, constitute a heterogeneous group of disorders including different disease sites, strikingly diverse molecular features and a profound variability in the clinical behavior. Molecular studies and clinical trials have partially revealed the underlying causes for this variability and have made possible the recognition of some molecular variants susceptible of specific therapeutic approaches. The main histogenetic groups include the germinal center, activated B cells, thymic B cells and terminally differentiated B cells, a basic scheme where the large majority of DLBCL cases can be ascribed. The nodal/extranodal origin, specific mutational changes and microenvironment peculiarities provide additional layers of complexity.
  • 545
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Heme Burden and Kidney
As it pertains to the kidney, several clinical conditions have been recognized that are associated with significant amount of free heme and subsequent kidney damage. The kidney is frequently involved during clinical settings, with the common denominator of increased heme burden given its primary function of filtration. Moreover, the proximal tubules possess a high number of mitochondria that upon injury release their cytochrome heme content leading to higher levels of local heme and hence potentiating the cycle of injury.
  • 545
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nanomaterials as Inhibitors in EMT
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged as a key regulator of cell invasion and metastasis in cancers. However, although EMT represents a relevant therapeutic target for cancer treatment, its application in the clinic is still limited due to various reasons, including appropriate drug delivery. Different nanomaterials may be used to counteract EMT induction, providing novel therapeutic tools against many different cancers. We discuss the application of various nanomaterials for EMT-based therapies in cancer, the therapeutic relevance of some of the proposed EMT targets, and the potential benefits and weaknesses of each approach.
  • 543
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Incident Hypertension
Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) represents an early form of thyroid dysfunction and is biochemically defined as an elevated TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin) level with a normal level of free thyroxine (FT4) within the reference range. SCH can affect about 1–11% of adults depending on the cohort studied, and such wide variability in its incidence can be attributed to the environmental and ethnic differences as well as the different TSH reference ranges used in each country.
  • 542
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiolocigal and Molecular Mechanisms in Vascular Aging
Vascular aging, characterized by structural and functional alterations of the vascular wall, is a hallmark of aging and is tightly related to the development of cardiovascular mortality and age-associated vascular pathologies. 
  • 538
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Enzymatic Metabolism of Flavonoids
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is a prevalent global health disease with a massive burden on health care providers. Internal and external factors such as obesity, smoking, diet (red meat), low socioeconomic status and infection with Helicobacter pylori are the critical risk factors of GI cancers. Flavonoids are natural phenolic compounds found abundantly in fruits and vegetables. Upon ingestion, 90% of flavonoids consumed require further enzymatic metabolism by the gut microbiome to enhance their bioavailability and absorption. Several epidemiological studies reported that consumption of flavonoids and their enzymatic conversion by gut microbes is strongly associated with the reduced risk of GI cancer development. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the enzymatic conversion of flavonoids by the human gut microbiome. It also addresses the underlying anti-GI cancer effects on metabolic pathways such as apoptosis and cellular proliferation. Overall, metabolites produced from flavonoid’s enzymatic conversion illustrate anti-GI cancer effects, but the mechanisms of action need further clarification.
  • 536
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Photoimmunotherapy of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the leading cause of gynecological cancer-related deaths in the United States, with five-year survival rates of 15–20% for stage III cancers and 5% for stage IV cancers. The standard of care for advanced OvCa involves surgical debulking of disseminated disease in the peritoneum followed by chemotherapy. Despite advances in treatment efficacy, the prognosis for advanced stage OvCa patients remains poor and the emergence of chemoresistant disease localized to the peritoneum is the primary cause of death. Therefore, a complementary modality that is agnostic to typical chemo- and radio-resistance mechanisms is urgently needed. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a photochemistry-based process, is an ideal complement to standard treatments for residual disease. The confinement of the disease in the peritoneal cavity makes it amenable for regionally localized treatment with PDT. PDT involves photochemical generation of cytotoxic reactive molecular species (RMS) by non-toxic photosensitizers (PSs) following exposure to non-harmful visible light, leading to localized cell death. However, due to the complex topology of sensitive organs in the peritoneum, diffuse intra-abdominal PDT induces dose-limiting toxicities due to non-selective accumulation of PSs in both healthy and diseased tissue. In an effort to achieve selective damage to tumorous nodules, targeted PS formulations have shown promise to make PDT a feasible treatment modality in this setting. This targeted strategy involves chemical conjugation of PSs to antibodies, referred to as photoimmunoconjugates (PICs), to target OvCa specific molecular markers leading to enhanced therapeutic outcomes while reducing off-target toxicity. 
  • 535
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Catheter Ablation in Treating Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Catheter Ablation (CA) is an effective therapeutic option in treating atrial fibrillation (AF). Persistent AF represents the advanced stage during the progression of AF. “AF begets AF” is recognized as a main mechanism for the persistence of AF: a complex situation involving triggers and substrate (i.e., structural, electrical, and autonomic remodeling). Previous meta-analysis of RCTs including 809 persistent AF patients (mean age 60 years, mean LAD 46 mm) has already shown that PVI based CA is superior to AADs in preventing recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia among patients with persistent AF.
  • 535
  • 12 Dec 2022
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