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Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism of Cancer Cachexia
Cancer cachexia is a condition marked by functional, metabolic, and immunological dysfunctions associated with skeletal muscle (SM) atrophy, adipose tissue loss, fat reduction, systemic inflammation, and anorexia. Generally, the condition is caused by a variety of mediators produced by cancer cells and cells in tumor microenvironments. Myostatin and activin signaling, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling, and JAK-STAT signaling are known to play roles in cachexia, and thus, these pathways are considered potential therapeutic targets.
  • 432
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Design of Gold Nanoparticle Vertical Flow Assays
Vertical flow assays (VFAs) or flow-through assays have emerged as an alternate type of paper-based assay due to their faster detection time, larger sample volume capacity, and significantly higher multiplexing capabilities compared to lateral flow assays (LFAs).  VFA can be used for detecting important biomarkers in diagnostic medicine, particularly when VFA is paired with gold nanoparticle conjugation.
  • 938
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Genotoxic Effects of Lead
Lead (Pb) is one of the most widely used heavy metals in several industries for the manufacturing process of Pb-based products due to its physical and chemical properties, such as high density, softness, malleability, and poor conductibility. Thus, Pb can be found in workplaces and other contaminated environments. Pb toxicity can occur via both nonoccupational and occupational exposure through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption.
  • 465
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide Thin Films with Drug Delivery Function
Graphene oxide has been used in different fields of nanomedicine as a manager of drug delivery due to its inherent physical and chemical properties that allow its use in thin films with biomedical applications. Several studies demonstrated its efficacy in the control of the amount and the timely delivery of drugs when it is incorporated in multilayer films. It has been demonstrated that graphene oxide layers incorporated in drug delivery systems are able to work either as a nanocarrier, transporting the drugs to their targets or as a barrier delaying the release of drugs to accommodate the treatment schedules. This allows for the development of structured ,sophisticated and time-controlled systems.
  • 599
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Intestinal Microbiota in Personalized Medicine
The microbiota is like a unique personalized “mold” for each person; it differs quantitatively and qualitatively for the microorganisms it contains together with the relationship between them, and it changes over time and under the influence of many factors.
  • 328
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Adult Abdominal Tuberculosis Diagnosis
Tuberculosis is a common systemic infection with the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is primarily found in the lungs and causes caseous inflammation in lung tissue and other organs. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that spreads via the air. Tuberculosis is an endemic disease in developing countries, due to the wide spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), it might represent a problem in developed countries, as well. Only around one-fifth of patients diagnosed with abdominal TB have pulmonary disease. 
  • 609
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Subtype-Specific miRNAs
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies, with multiple subtypes, based on clinical parameters and molecular profiling. In addition to disease staging, the expression status of hormone receptors’ estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in tumors define the prognosis of the cancer and treatment options. Hence, clinically, breast cancers are defined as ER+/PR+, HER+, or triple-negative (i.e., those lacking expression of these three receptors). This classification system allows for the administration of endocrine therapies in the hormone expressing subtypes. Additionally, breast cancer subtyping is observed via transcriptome profiling, which has identified four major subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and basal-like). The ER+/PR+ breast cancers are predominately luminal A/B and TNBCs are predominately basal-like. Clearly gene expression defines breast cancer; it is then not surprising that the expression of miRNAs also displays subtype-specificity.
  • 817
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
3D Printing in Complex Medical Procedures
Medicine is a rapidly-evolving discipline, with progress picking up pace with each passing decade. This constant evolution results in the introduction of new tools and methods, which in turn occasionally leads to paradigm shifts across the affected medical fields. The following review attempts to showcase how 3D printing has begun to reshape and improve processes across various medical specialties and where it has the potential to make a significant impact. 
  • 410
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Post-Harvest Operations to Generate High-Quality Medicinal Cannabis Products
Cannabis has been a traditional medicinal herb in central Asia, with reports of such usage back to 4700 B.P. in China, India, Persia, Egypt, Greece and Rome. It is now also cultivated and used as a drug crop in at least 172 countries and territories worldwide. It is classified as Cannabis Sativa, C. Indica and C. Ruderalis based on genetics, phenotypic properties and chemical structure. The Cannabis industry is rapidly growing; therefore, there is no medicinal cannabis that can be produced without optimising drying methods. Producing high-quality medical products have been a hot topic in recent years.
  • 633
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR-Powered Microfluidics Applications
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology is a simple yet powerful tool for highly specific and rapid modification of DNA in a genome, which is the complete set of genetic instructions in an organism. One of the requirements for successful modification of the eukaryotic genome using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is the presence of the guide RNA (sgRNA or crRNA/duplex crRNA/tracrRNA) Cas9 protein complex and the introduction of mRNA or DNA. In therapeutic approaches, the genome of specific cells can be re-transplanted into the patient in vitro and then the host genome modified to treat any possible deficiency in genes. Nowadays, the use of microfluidic channels and chips is one of the best approaches to deliver materials and cells as it prevents many problems by accurately editing the cell and creating an opportunity for successful editing and screening of their genome. Such chips provide a suitable substrate for cell manipulation, drug screening, and exosome characterization. Furthermore, they are useful for pathogen and cancer detection because of their high throughput, low cost, flexibility, and controlled fluid or gas flow.
  • 620
  • 10 Jan 2022
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