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Topic Review
Challenges for Commercialization of Second-Generation Biorefineries
Second-generation biorefinery refers to the production of different types of biofuels, biomaterials, and biochemicals by using agri-based and other lignocellulosic biomasses as substrates, which do not compete with arable lands, water for irrigation, and food supply. From the perspective of transportation fuels, second-generation bioethanol plays a crucial role in minimizing the dependency on fossil-based fuels, especially gasoline. Significant efforts have been invested in the research and development of second-generation bioethanol for commercialization in both developing and developed countries.
  • 464
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Chelating Agents in Soil Remediation
The Fenton process is an efficient treatment for removing many organics pollutants in aqueous systems at acidic pH (2.8-3.5). However, the in-situ application of this technology for soil remediation (where pHs around neutrality are required) presents important limitations, such as catalyst (iron) availability and oxidant (H2O2) stability. The addition of chelating agents (CAs) makes iron soluble at circumneutral pH by forming complexes with Fe, and thus, enabling Fenton reactions under these conditions. This strategy, called chelate-modified Fenton process (MF), can be employed to overcome the challenges identified in conventional Fenton.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants whose presence in groundwater has persisted for many decades, mainly due to the physical-chemical characteristics of these compounds. In particular, CAHs belong to Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs), for which contamination scenarios differ significantly from Light NAPLs scenarios, where the separate phase floats at the top of the water table due to its lower density than water.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Chlorination of Harvested Rainwater
 In many rural areas, primary water sources such as surface water and groundwater are at risk of contamination with rapid agricultural and industrial growth and climate change-related issues. Rainwater harvesting is an ancient practice for rural communities, and the momentum around its use is continually growing in recent years. Among the disinfection methods, chlorination is the most common method in large-scale water treatment schemes. It is also one of the most cost-effective water disinfection processes. It is further suggested that free chlorine could be extensively efficacious against most waterborne pathogens and cause destruction of the cell DNA of these microorganisms, except for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Mycobacteria species. Consequently, this method could reduce waterborne diseases in many countries. In addition, chlorine tablets and liquid pool chlorine are reasonably accessible and safe for transportation to the end-users for residential purposes.
  • 526
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Circular Design Strategy for Bio-Based Food Packaging Preproduction
The success factor of the industrial transition to circularity is that this new economy model is regenerative by design. The Circular Design Guide prepared by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation in cooperation with IDEO distinguishes six circular design strategies: Two circular design strategies are directly applicable in food packaging: smart material choice, considering a product’s end-of-life treatment in the choice of materials and inputs (for example, durable, biodegradable, recycled or recyclable materials) and closed loop or take back, referring to collections of old or used products and recovering the value of the materials by recycling or reusing them to make new products. The smart material choice circular design strategy (the choice of packaging material), which is applied in the preproduction life cycle stage, directly correlates with all circular re-strategies: firstly, packaging material savings (reduce) could be achieved if optimal material properties and minimum material usage were applied.
  • 460
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Circular Economy and Product Durability
Due to the large and unsustainable use of valuable natural resources and electronic waste generation worldwide, which poses risks to human health and the environment, different organizations have initiated efforts to shift from a linear economy to a circular economy. A crucial aspect of promoting a circular economy is improving product durability, which can reduce resource extraction and waste because products remain in use for a longer period. Methods for measuring and indexing durability should encourage consumers to buy more durable products and incentivize manufacturers to compete in improving durability.
  • 270
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Green Solvents
Green solvents, such as bio-based (derived from renewable sources), water-based (dissolved in water), supercritical fluids (above their critical point), and deep eutectic solvents (formed by mixing two or more components), offer alternatives to conventional organic solvents for bio-oil extraction. These solvents are characterized by being non-toxic, non-volatile, recyclable, and biodegradable.
  • 3.2K
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Classification of the Marine Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems
The marine SCR system is mainly composed of a urea solution injection system, mixer, SCR reactor, measurement system, and soot blowing system. The urea solution injection system is composed of a urea storage tank, urea injection pump, nozzle, valve, and pipeline. Additionally, a static mixer is arranged in the exhaust pipe of the marine SCR system to improve the mixing uniformity of exhaust gas and ammonia gas. 
  • 2.6K
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Climate Change on Water Sensitive Urban Design Technologies
Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) technologies are green infrastructures those aim to restore the hydrological balance of urban catchments.
  • 311
  • 04 Jun 2024
Topic Review
Climate Change-Related Disaster Risk Mitigation
Instead of addressing the disaster’s underlying risk, the traditional disaster insurance strategy largely focuses on providing financial security for asset recovery after a disaster. This constraint becomes especially concerning as the threat of climate-related disasters grows since it may result in rising long-term damage expenditures.
  • 221
  • 22 Mar 2024
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