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Topic Review
Present Status of Biocomposite Materials
Since the complete replacement of fossil-based products is not feasible due to cost and performance, bio-based composite materials may have bio-based polymers, bio-based reinforcement, and fillers, or both, while having other ingredients from fossil fuel sources. As for reinforcement, nature can offer wooden and non-wooden fibers (bast, leaf, seed, core, grass, and reed) as composite reinforcements. Cellulosic non-wooden fibers offer tensile strengths ranging from 80 MPa for sisal to 938 MPa for ramie. Applications of biocomposites in structures and infrastructures have proven useful in terms of their moderate mechanical properties, lower cost, availability, biodegradability, and environmental considerations.. Hemp has been used in composite materials. However, it presents challenges; hemp fibers contain a high level of moisture, as plant-based sources are hydrophilic in nature. Its mechanical, thermal, and physical properties, such as tensile strength, wettability, flammability, and swelling, vary. These properties change with changes in plant anatomy, fiber processing conditions, growth conditions, and experimental methods.
  • 557
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Destruction Technologies
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a family of highly toxic emerging contaminants that have caught the attention of both the public and private sectors due to their adverse health impacts on society. The widely adopted separation technologies can remove PFASs from being in contact with humans; however, they remain in the environment and continue to pose health risks. On the other hand, the destructive technologies can effectively destroy PFAS compounds and fully address society’s urgent need to remediate this harmful family of chemical compounds. 
  • 859
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Drain Water Heat Recovery Applications in Domestic Conditions
The use of energy from waste can be a key means of reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and thus reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Waste energy can be a worthy alternative to conventional energy sources in construction.
  • 544
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Properties of Clays
 The basic component of clay–cement slurries is clays, which give specific properties to viscoplastic bodies. Since there is a whole range of clays with different degrees of crystallization, their properties are variable. This is particularly important because in technological practice, clays found in the area of the hydrotechnical work performed are usually used.
  • 555
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Retrofitting and Strengthening of Structures
In civil engineering since antiquity, structural repair has been a very particular problem. Throughout history, human-constructed buildings have been destroyed due to time, natural disasters, and even building mistakes. In this respect, the field of engineering related to structural reconstruction and recovery seeks to identify methods and techniques to accomplish this important task. The pace of the degradation of concrete buildings throughout the world is frightening. It has now been verified that even if the structural design complies with all particular building code criteria such as concrete quality, cover, and so on, there is still an acceptable high risk of concrete degradation and reinforcing corrosion. Steel corrosion has been identified as the most severe cause of reinforced concrete degradation, capable of causing fractures, spalling the concrete cover, reducing the effective c/s area of the reinforcement, and ultimately leading to collapse. In order to repair and rehabilitate other buildings, this study sought to compile the main ideas, methods, and technologies used by these influential engineers. In fact, this report contains case studies on functional restoration. The document further addresses various types of building, such as pre-stressing, post-tensioning, deployment, and pre-stressing.
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Fuel Cells
The intensive energy requirement of conventional wastewater treatment for aeration demands an alternative technological option that requires less energy for its operation. Due to its cost-effectiveness, biological processes such as activated sludge have been widely used for wastewater treatment. However, this technique depends on the ability of bacterial population to maintain acceptable effluent quality. If the treatment is interfered with, the bacterial population respond to the varying influents. When this occurs, exceeding effluent limits lead to environmental damage and costly fines. Consequently, treatment facilities have to be overhauled, resulting in a loss of time and financial resources.
  • 497
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Reuse of Municipal Solid Waste in Construction
Society is highly dependent on natural resources such as rocks (aggregates) and minerals. Although they are an abundant resource on the planet, their recovery is slow in terms of human lifespan, and from this fact, they are considered non-renewable resources. The construction industry currently consumes around 3000 million tons of natural resources annually and is responsible for 34% of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. An alternative to reduce this over-extraction is the substitution of aggregates and cement for municipal solid waste (MSW), which represents the application of the circular economy principles. This approach and the waste management hierarchy are described, with a focus on the Latin America and the Caribbean situation. MSW is composed of several fractions, such as organic waste, paper, cardboard, metals, plastic, and glass, among other valuable materials. Areas of opportunity for their reuse in the construction industry have been demonstrated worldwide: a) plastics as substitutes for aggregates or reinforcing fibers, or replaced construction elements such as bricks; b) glass in the production of concrete, mortar, and asphalt pavement; c) paper as a hygrothermal and lighting regulator in buildings, among others.  
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Integration of Offshore Wind with Tidal Energy
Reducing the cost of electricity generation and integrating renewable energy sources are two essential factors in encouraging the development of novel ideas to tackle the lack of enough electricity and proposing alternatives for fossil fuels. Compared with onshore wind energy resources, offshore wind fields have many advantages, such as persistent wind, faster-flowing speed, higher uniformity, and longer available time per year, flat sea surface, and low turbulence intensity, which promotes the vigorous development of the offshore wind power industry.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Tree Information Modeling
Tree Information Modeling (TIM) is conceived as a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a tree. It is a framework following the same tree description system (TDS) to create the digital twins of trees in real life. This framework enables easier data exchange and knowledge-sharing about trees cross multiple related professions such as urban forestry, arboriculture, and botanic plant modeling. With interdisciplinary cooperations in TIM applications, decision-making and supporting tools can be developed to guide trees' planning and life-long management.
  • 848
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Exposure Effects Related to Nanomaterial Life Cycles
Nanoparticle-based biosensors are produced and utilized at different scales ranging from laboratory to industrial domains. While incorporating nanomaterials is beneficial to developing high-performance biosensors, at the stages of scale-up and disposal, it may lead to the unmanaged release of toxic nanomaterials. When considering the potential environmental impact and health safety of the scaled-up production of nano biosensors, it is necessary to examine the manufacturing, utilization, and end-of-life disposal of the nanomaterials used. 
  • 428
  • 06 Dec 2022
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