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Topic Review
Natural Gas Processing
Natural gas processing plants, or fractionators, are used to purify the raw natural gas extracted from underground gas fields and brought up to the surface by gas wells. The processed natural gas, used as fuel by residential, commercial and industial consumers, is almost pure methane and is very much different from the raw natural gas.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Trends of Current LNG Cold Energy Utilization
Liquified natural gas (LNG) is a clean primary energy source that is growing in popularity due to the distance between natural gas (NG)-producing countries and importing countries. The large amount of cold energy stored in LNG presents an opportunity for sustainable technologies to recover and utilize this energy. This can enhance the energy efficiency of LNG regasification terminals and the economic viability of the LNG supply chain. The energy stored in LNG in the form of low temperatures is referred to as cold energy. When LNG is regasified, or converted back into its gaseous form, this cold energy is released. This process involves heating the LNG, which causes it to vaporize and release its stored energy. LNG cold energy has been mostly utilized for power generation, air separation, traditional desalination, and cryogenics carbon dioxide capture. Other potential applications are also emerging such as for data center cooling and cold energy storage. The commercialization of sustainable technologies, such as improvement strategies for LNG cold energy utilization, is becoming increasingly important in the energy industry.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
DME Synthesis from CO2 and Renewable Hydrogen
Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) is a viable solution to valorise the CO2 captured from industrial plants’ flue gas, thus avoiding emitting it and synthesizing products with high added value. The first step in a CCU process is the capturing of CO2 through well-known technologies, such as oxyfuel combustion, pre-combustion or post-combustion, or as a direct-air capture process. Post-combustion carbon capture can be achieved by physical or chemical separation methods, such as membranes, adsorption, absorption and cryogenic processes. After having captured and concentrated the CO2, it can be fed to a chemical reactor for its conversion into products, such as syngas, urea, methane, ethanol, formic acid, etc.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Metallurgical Technologies to Treat E-Waste
e-waste is any broken/unwanted electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) that has reached the end of its lifecycle or economic life span. E-waste has been traditionally treated with metallurgical technologies such as mechanical separations, pyro-metallurgical, and hydrometallurgical methods. The technologies such as the pyro-metallurgical process to treat e-waste has been studied and linked with environmental challenges such as the generation of large quantities of harmful by-products, the formation of brominated and chlorinated di-benzo furans, and dioxins from halogens present in the plastic part of e-waste during the burning process. The pyro-metallurgical process requires high-energy to treat e-waste and is inefficient in the recovery of precious metals. Hydrometallurgical technology has also been explored, mostly involving chemical reagents such as strong acids (sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid) and complex chemical reagents such as cyanide and thiosulfate to leach base, rare earth, and precious metals. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Electric Field-Assisted Membrane Processes
Electrofiltration is emerging as an attractive alternative that uses electric field to assist in fouling mitigation during the membrane-based separation processes. By tuning the electrophoretic forces on the feed side of the membrane, all water constituents (except ions) including viruses, bacteria, small and large molecules, and organic and inorganic solids can be prevented from fouling the membrane surface. Theoretically, the electric field-assisted membrane separation process will result in greatly desired clean water flux for the entire duration of operation.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Manufacturing Methods of Phase Change Materials Microcapsules
Thermal energy storage (TES) has been identified by many researchers as one of the cost-effective solutions for not only storing excess or/wasted energy, but also improving systems’ reliability and thermal efficiency. Among TES, phase change materials (PCMs) are gaining more attention due to their ability to store a reasonably large quantity of heat within small temperature differences. Encapsulation is the cornerstone in expanding the applicability of the PCMs. Microencapsulation is a proven, viable method for containment and retention of PCMs in tiny shells. Currently, there are numerous methods available for synthesis of mPCMs, each of which has its own advantages and limitations.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Common Techniques for Biolubricant Production
Lubricants can be classified according to their physical state as solid, liquid, or semi-fluid (greases). The former is used when it is difficult to maintain contact with the fluid, while the latter is used in situations where liquid lubricants are not applicable. According to the UNE-EN 16807 standard, the term “bio” is considered synonymous with good for the environment. Its use in lubricants is linked to its environmental properties; therefore, it is expected that all compounds called bio-lubricants will degrade in the environment. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste
Plastic is a non-degradable material that can persist in the environment for long periods of time. On the other hand, it is a very special material with a great number of advantages: it is affordable, versatile, light, and resistant. Plastic originates from petrochemicals and contains mostly hydrocarbons and some additives, such as antioxidants, flame retardants, and stabilizers, which make the material very bio-undegradable. Pyrolysis can be thermal or catalytic. Thermal pyrolysis requires higher temperatures (from 350 to 900 °C), which can lead to a low molecular weight and low quality products. Gases evolved during pyrolysis have a high calorific value, and could be used in different gas machines and engines for the generation of electricity without any other treatments or modifications. The addition of catalysts overcomes the limitations of thermal pyrolysis, by reducing either the reaction temperature or the time. The addition of catalysts improves conversion, reduces activation energy of pyrolysis, and enhances the fuel quality. The most commonly used catalysts for the pyrolysis of plastics are zeolites, polyciliate components, and clays. Compared to thermal pyrolysis, the catalytic process has the advantage of a lower process temperature, a reduction of solid residues such as carbonized char and volatile fraction, shorter time process, high product selectivity, and high-octane-number products. Zeolite-based catalysts are the best option for the pyrolysis of plastic waste, and for co-pyrolysis of combined plastic waste/biomass.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Comprehensive Review on Wearable Sweat-Glucose Sensors for CGM
The incidence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate, and regular glucose monitoring is critical in order to manage diabetes. Currently, glucose in the body is measured by an invasive method of blood sugar testing. Blood glucose (BG) monitoring devices measure the amount of sugar in a small sample of blood, usually drawn from pricking the fingertip, and placed on a disposable test strip. Therefore, there is a need for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring, which is possible using a sweat sensor-based approach.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Diatom-Based Biosensors
Porous materials showing some useful transducing features, i.e., any changes in their physical or chemical properties as a consequence of molecular interaction, are very attractive in the realization of sensors and biosensors. Diatom frustules have been gaining support for biosensors since they are made of nanostructured amorphous silica, but do not require any nano-fabrication step; their surface can be easily functionalized and customized for specific application; diatom frustules are photoluminescent, and they can be found in almost every pond of water on the Earth, thus assuring large and low-cost availability.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Mar 2021
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