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Topic Review
Crosslinked nanogel for cancer theranostics
Crosslinked nanogels the structures of which are covalently crosslinked have better physiological stability than micelles and liposomes, making them more suitable for cancer theranostics. The applications of nanogels in drug and gene delivery as well as development of novel cancer therapeutic methods are first introduced, followed by the introduction of applications in optical and multimodal imaging, and imaging-guided cancer therapy. 
  • 501
  • 01 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Crosslinking Density in Imprinting Polymerization
The crosslinking density of a material determines its physical properties, such as the porosity of the material. In imprinting polymerizations, the porosity determines access to internal binding sites and thus the capacity of the imprinted material. This entry is about effect of the commonly used crosslinking density in imprinting polymerization for a variety of applications.
  • 385
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Crosslinking of Electrospun Gelatin Nanofibers
Electrospinning can be used to prepare nanofiber mats from diverse polymers, polymer blends, or polymers doped with other materials. Amongst this broad range of usable materials, biopolymers play an important role in biotechnological, biomedical, and other applications. Biopolymers like gelatin, however, need to be crosslinked for most applications.
  • 914
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Deep Eutectic Solvents Systems
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent an emergent class of green designer solvents that find numerous applications in different aspects of chemical synthesis. A particularly appealing aspect of DES systems is their simplicity of preparation, combined with inexpensive, readily available starting materials to yield solvents with appealing properties (negligible volatility, non-flammability and high solvation capacity). 
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Degradation and Life Prediction of Polyethylene
Polyethylene is one of the most significant and useful polymers that has been extensively studied for use as a plastic material. The benefits of using polyethylene as a commercial plastic material include its excellent mechanical properties, good flexibility, good chemical resistance, lightweight properties, good thermal stability, and high-cost performance. The piping sector has been impacted by the trend of replacing steel with plastic during the past, resulting in the steady replacement of metal-based pipes with plastic pipes. Polyethylene pipes are the most commonly utilized among them. Consider the case of high-density polyethylene pipes. Its market worth was USD 15.975 billion in 2018, and 9.283 million tons were consumed each year. The service life of polyethylene pipes will not be less than 50 years, and it will continue to grow at a rate of at least 5% annually in the upcoming years.
  • 902
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Design and Synthesis of Polyphosphodiesters
Polyacids containing –P(O)(OH)– fragment in the polymer backbone, or polyphosphodiesters (PPDEs), hold a special place among natural and synthetic polymers. The structural similarity of PPDEs to natural nucleic and teichoic acids, biocompatibility of PPDEs and their mimicking to biomolecules providing the ‘stealth effect’, high bone mineral affinity of PPDEs, and adjustable hydrolytic stability of PPDEs are the basis for various biomedical, industrial and household applications. Actual synthetic approaches to PPDEs are based on incredibly rich chemistry of organic phosphates and phosphonates, and include modern techniques such as catalytic ring-opening polymerization (ROP), acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polycondensation, and others.
  • 630
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Design and Synthesis of Sidechain Phosphorus-Containing Polyacids
Macromolecules containing acidic fragments in side-groups—polyacids—occupy a special place among synthetic polymers. Properties and applications of polyacids are directly related to the chemical structure of macromolecules: the nature of the acidic groups, polymer backbone, and spacers between the main chain and acidic groups. The chemical nature of the phosphorus results in the diversity of acidic >P(O)OH fragments in sidechain phosphorus-containing polyacids (PCPAs) that can be derivatives of phosphoric or phosphinic acids.
  • 523
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Design of Liquid-Crystalline Elastomeric Fluorescent Force Sensors
Liquid single crystal elastomers (LSCEs) containing carbazole fluorogenic components alter their luminescence when they are stretched along the director direction. The differential luminescent behavior arises from the distinct interaction between the carbazole fluorophores and their local environment before and after the application of the mechanical input. Indeed, the uniaxial deformation of the material, along its anisotropic direction, forces a closer mesogen–fluorophore interaction, which leads to the quenching of the carbazole luminescence. Importantly, this intermolecular interaction is intimately related to the intrinsic order present in the LSCE. As a result, the amount of light emitted by the material in the form of fluorescence diminishes upon deformation. Thus, the application of mechanical stimuli to liquid-crystalline elastomers furnishes to two interconvertible states for the system with distinct optical properties (with either different emission color or fluorescence intensity). The initial state of the material is completely restored once the applied force is removed. In this way, this kind of macromolecular system can transduce mechanical events into detectable and processable optical signals, thus, having great potential as optical force sensors. In this context, the realization of the distinct structural factors that govern the interactions established between the mesogenic and fluorogenic units at the supramolecular level upon deformation is essential for the development of efficient LSCE-based force sensors. In fact, not only the density of carbazole units and their connection to the main polymer backbone, but also the presence of long range molecular order in the system and the type of mesophase exhibited by the LSCE are key factors for the conception of efficient force sensors based on these self-organized polymer networks.
  • 574
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Development and Production of Nano-Based Polymeric Membranes
There has been increasing interest in the study and development of nanoparticle-embedded polymeric materials and their applications to special membranes. Nanoparticle-embedded polymeric materials have been observed to have a desirable compatibility with commonly used membrane matrices, a wide range of functionalities, and tunable physicochemical properties. The development of nanoparticle-embedded polymeric materials has shown great potential to overcome the longstanding challenges faced by the membrane separation industry. One major challenge that has been a bottleneck to the progress and use of membranes is the balance between the selectivity and the permeability of the membranes. 
  • 360
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Directed Assembly of Particle-Polymer Composites
Particle-polymer dispersions are ubiquitous in additive manufacturing (AM), where they are used as inks to create composite materials with applications to wearable sensors, energy storage materials, and actuation elements. It has been observed that directional alignment of the particle phase in the polymer dispersion can imbue the resulting composite material with enhanced mechanical, electrical, thermal or optical properties. 
  • 634
  • 17 Aug 2021
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