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Topic Review
Biomimetics as Antifungals
Biomimetics, which are similar to natural compounds that play an important role in the metabolism, manifestation of functional activity and reproduction of various fungi, have a pronounced attraction in the current search for new effective antifungals. Actual trends in the development of this area of research indicate that unnatural amino acids can be used as such biomimetics, including those containing halogen atoms; compounds similar to nitrogenous bases embedded in the nucleic acids synthesized by fungi; peptides imitating fungal analogs; molecules similar to natural substrates of numerous fungal enzymes and quorum-sensing signaling molecules of fungi and yeast, etc.
  • 141
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Potential Association between Cryptococcal Meningitis and Gut Microbiome
Cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of fungal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. Similar to other melanized microorganisms associated with human diseases, the cell wall-associated melanin of C. neoformans is a major virulence factor enabling it to evade host immune responses. The levels and formation of these melanins may be influenced by the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Studies have also found that C. neoformans infection can lead to dysbiosis of the human gut microbiota.
  • 214
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Morel in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils
Morel is a popular edible mushroom with considerable medicinal and economic value which has garnered global popularity. Given the susceptibility of morels to HM accumulation, the quality and output of morels are at risk, posing a serious food safety concern that hinders the development of the morel industry.
  • 273
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Non-Culture-Based Methods for Diagnosing Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
The diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients is crucial since most clinical signs are not specific to invasive fungal infections. To detect an IPA, different criteria should be considered. Next to host factors and radiological signs, microbiological criteria should be fulfilled. For microbiological diagnostics, different methods are available. Next to the conventional culture-based approaches like staining and culture, non-culture-based methods can increase sensitivity and improve time-to-result. Besides fungal biomarkers, like galactomannan and (1→3)-β-D-glucan as nonspecific tools, molecular-based methods can also offer detection of resistance determinants. The detection of novel biomarkers or targets is promising. 
  • 156
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Antibacterial Activity of Substances of Fungal Origin
The phenomenon of drug resistance in micro-organisms necessitates the search for new compounds capable of combating them. Fungi emerge as a promising source of such compounds as they produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with bacteriostatic or fungistatic activity. These compounds can serve as alternatives for commonly used antibiotics.
  • 183
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis by Non-fumigatus Aspergillus spp.
With increasing frequency, clinical and laboratory-based mycologists are consulted on invasive fungal diseases caused by rare fungal species. A. flavus is the second most common Aspergillus spp. isolated in patients with IA and the predominant species in subtropical regions. Treatment is complicated by its intrinsic resistance against amphotericin B (AmB) and high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for voriconazole. A. nidulans has been frequently isolated in patients with long-term immunosuppression, mostly in patients with primary immunodeficiencies such as chronic granulomatous disease. It has been reported to disseminate more often than other Aspergillus spp. Innate resistance against AmB has been suggested but not yet proven, while MICs seem to be elevated. A. niger is more frequently reported in less severe infections such as otomycosis. Triazoles exhibit varying MICs and are therefore not strictly recommended as first-line treatment for IA caused by A. niger, while patient outcome seems to be more favorable when compared to IA due to other Aspergillus species. A. terreus-related infections have been reported increasingly as the cause of acute and chronic aspergillosis. A recent prospective international multicenter surveillance study showed Spain, Austria, and Israel to be the countries with the highest density of A. terreus species complex isolates collected.
  • 128
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Genomes and the Evolution of the Zygomycetes
The first genome sequence of a zygomycete fungus was from a clinical strain of Rhizopus delemar that was isolated from a patient with mucormycosis—a highly destructive and lethal infection that is typically seen in immunocompromised hosts. Sequencing of the R. delemar genome was driven from the clinical perspective, but it also provided the first genome of a fungus outside of the Dikarya.
  • 345
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Fungal and Oomycete Soybean Pathogens and Molecular Detection
Soybean (Glycine max) is among the most important crops. Soybean was domesticated in China over 3000 years ago and introduced to other Asian countries and, later, the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Soybean production amounted to 355,605 million tons in 2021–2022, which illustrates the enormous economic importance of this crop. Soybean is threatened by several abiotic and biotic stress factors, which result in reduction of soybean yield and quality. Pathogens, pests, and weeds cause significant losses to soybean. Important fungal and oomycete pathogens of soybean and molecular methods to detect them are presented.
  • 236
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Beneficial Roles of Fungi
Besides plants and animals, the Fungi kingdom describes several species characterized by various forms and applications. They can be found in all habitats and play an essential role in the excellent functioning of the ecosystem, for example, as decomposers of plant material for the cycling of carbon and nutrients or as symbionts of plants. Furthermore, fungi have been used in many sectors for centuries, from producing food, beverages, and medications. 
  • 266
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibody 5B2
Candidiasis (either mucocutaneous or systemic) is an opportunistic infection caused mainly by Candida albicans, a yeast and natural commensal of the human digestive tract and vagina. Unlike true pathogens, the presence of yeasts alone does not indicate their pathogenic character, which depends essentially on the susceptibility of the host and the expression of pathogenicity factors by some yeast strains. It is therefore essential to have markers associated with pathogenicity to understand the mechanisms of infection and to diagnose these infections as accurately as possible. The development of hybridoma technology/advent of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) led to considerable progress in answering some of these questions. Among the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed, mAb 5B2 allowed us to make considerable progress in understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and also contributed to the diagnosis of candidiasis and the tracing of more pathogenic strains. 
  • 228
  • 16 Jun 2023
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