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Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Pulmonary Hypertension
Mitochondria are essential organelles for energy production, calcium homeostasis, redox signaling, and other cellular responses involved in pulmonary vascular biology and disease processes. Mitochondrial homeostasis depends on a balance in mitochondrial fusion and fission (dynamics). Mitochondrial dynamics are regulated by a viable circadian clock.
  • 245
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Prevent and Treat Oral Mucositis
Oral Mucositis, a debilitating side effect of radio and chemotherapy for head and neck cancers, involves inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the oral cavity. This condition often leads to severe pain, difficulty in eating, and compromised quality of life for cancer patients. The use of natural compounds such as polyphenols has shown promise in preventing and alleviating Oral Mucositis as they possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and healing properties, capable of mitigating the adverse effects of chemo and radiotherapy on the oral mucosa.
  • 211
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Redox-Dependent Pathways in Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a fatal tumor, accounting for 2% of all cancer-related mortalities worldwide yearly due to its high aggressiveness and poor response to current therapies. Furthermore, over the past few decades, CCA mortality has increased globally.
  • 126
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neurotrophic Virus and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development
Neurotrophic viruses are pathogens that can cause alterations in the function of the central nervous system (CNS). These viruses can enter the CNS through the previously mentioned pathways. Additionally, it has been observed that viruses whose genome corresponds to RNA can be introduced into the CNS through nerves, such as the sciatic nerve. Some can even transport immune cells, allowing them to arrive at the CNS. On the other hand, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses can enter the CNS by penetrating the blood–brain barrier, utilizing brain microvascular endothelial cells, and even using sensory nerve endings and olfactory receptor neurons to enter the CNS. When the infection occurs, the main mechanism that the CNS possesses to defend itself is the activation of microglia, which induce the activation of the innate immune response and a subsequent adaptive immune response. Even the microglia can act with astrocytes to induce the chemotaxis of immune cells, like neutrophils, to combat infection generated in the CNS.
  • 178
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Yellow Rice Wine Production Research
Yellow rice wine is a traditional fermented beverage in China. The microorganisms in the brewing process play a crucial role in shaping the composition and quality of the wine through their regulation of microbial growth, fermentation metabolites, metabolic balance, and ethanol production. Yellow rice wine not only has culinary value but also possesses potential medicinal value. This is attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidants, and other natural products that can provide antioxidant and other probiotic effects. The fermentation process of yellow rice wine offers potential nutritional supplementation and improved digestion. While traditional brewing techniques have long been employed, modern biotechnology helps enhance the quality and stability of the wine by selecting suitable microbial strains, optimizing fermentation conditions, and precisely controlling the fermentation process. The collection of diverse fermentation microbes and the construction of specifically designed microbiota for yellow rice wine production could expedite the production of high-quality yellow rice wine. The ultimate goal is to enhance the nutritional value, conditioning function, and overall consumption experience of yellow rice wine. 
  • 321
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Monarch Population Dynamics in Western North America
The Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758), in western North America appears to be undergoing a period of flux in terms of population size and ecology.
  • 173
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Influence of Light Irradiation on Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
Biological nitrification is a crucial process in microalgal–bacterial systems. It oxidizes ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3−) via intermediate nitrite (NO2−), which is mainly conducted by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Light is essential for algae photosynthesis; however, nitrifying bacteria are also influenced by light radiation.
  • 221
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Production of Anthocyanins Using Plant Cell
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in plants. They exist in various colors, including red, purple, and blue, and are utilized as natural colorants in the food and cosmetics industries. The pharmaceutical industry uses anthocyanins as therapeutic compounds because they have several medicinal qualities, including anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Plant cell cultures have been studied to understand their part in in vitro production of anthocyanins for use in food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, and cell or organ cultures have been initiated in more than 50 plant species. Researchers experienced pigmentation in cell cultures regardless of the plant, species, source of explants, and types of cultures established since the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is common to all flowering plants. Three significant plant species—carrot (Daucus carota), grape (Vitis vinifera), and strawberry (Fragaria ananassa)—have been the subject of in-depth research on in vitro cell cultures for the production of anthocyanins, among others. Several excellent review articles have been published and innumerable patents have been granted from time to time on anthocyanin production from in vitro cultures. The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is generally well-studied and established. 
  • 306
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Histone and Oncohistone Characterization via Yeast Models
Understanding the molecular basis of cancer initiation and progression is critical in developing effective treatment strategies. Mutations in genes encoding histone proteins that drive oncogenesis have been identified, converting these essential proteins into “oncohistones”. Understanding how oncohistone mutants, which are commonly single missense mutations, subvert the normal function of histones to drive oncogenesis requires defining the functional consequences of such changes. Histones genes are present in multiple copies in the human genome with 15 genes encoding histone H3 isoforms, the histone for which the majority of oncohistone variants have been analyzed thus far. With so many wildtype histone proteins being expressed simultaneously within the oncohistone, it can be difficult to decipher the precise mechanistic consequences of the mutant protein. In contrast to humans, budding and fission yeast contain only two or three histone H3 genes, respectively. Furthermore, yeast histones share ~90% sequence identity with human H3 protein. Its genetic simplicity and evolutionary conservation make yeast an excellent model for characterizing oncohistones. 
  • 221
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Animal-Derived Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are biomolecules found in microorganisms, plants, and animals that constitute living organisms. Glycosaminoglycans, unique acidic polysaccharides in animal connective tissue, are often combined with proteins in the form of covalent bonds due to their potent biological activity, low toxicity, and minimal side effects, which have the potential to be utilized as nutrition healthcare and dietary supplements.
  • 204
  • 11 Jan 2024
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