Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Yongjun Wei
 -- 2470 2024-01-10 12:48:52 |
2 format correct
Mona Zou
 Meta information modification 2470 2024-01-11 08:27:48 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Zhang, J.; Li, T.; Zou, G.; Wei, Y.; Qu, L. Yellow Rice Wine Production Research. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53686 (accessed on 12 December 2024).
Zhang J, Li T, Zou G, Wei Y, Qu L. Yellow Rice Wine Production Research. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53686. Accessed December 12, 2024.
Zhang, Jingxian, Tian Li, Gen Zou, Yongjun Wei, Lingbo Qu. "Yellow Rice Wine Production Research" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53686 (accessed December 12, 2024).
Zhang, J., Li, T., Zou, G., Wei, Y., & Qu, L. (2024, January 10). Yellow Rice Wine Production Research. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53686
Zhang, Jingxian, et al. "Yellow Rice Wine Production Research." Encyclopedia. Web. 10 January, 2024.
Yellow Rice Wine Production Research
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/fermentation10010040

Yellow rice wine is a traditional fermented beverage in China. The microorganisms in the brewing process play a crucial role in shaping the composition and quality of the wine through their regulation of microbial growth, fermentation metabolites, metabolic balance, and ethanol production. Yellow rice wine not only has culinary value but also possesses potential medicinal value. This is attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidants, and other natural products that can provide antioxidant and other probiotic effects. The fermentation process of yellow rice wine offers potential nutritional supplementation and improved digestion. While traditional brewing techniques have long been employed, modern biotechnology helps enhance the quality and stability of the wine by selecting suitable microbial strains, optimizing fermentation conditions, and precisely controlling the fermentation process. The collection of diverse fermentation microbes and the construction of specifically designed microbiota for yellow rice wine production could expedite the production of high-quality yellow rice wine. The ultimate goal is to enhance the nutritional value, conditioning function, and overall consumption experience of yellow rice wine. 

yellow rice wine microbial fermentation biotechnology microbiota synthetic biology

1. The Traditional Brewing Process of Yellow Rice Wine

Yellow rice wine is typically named based on its production area, as different regions produce variations of the wine with distinct characteristics, including Nanyang, Shaoxing [1], Huzhou [2], and Guangdong [3]. With evolving consumer preferences, the Huangjiu industry is continuously adapting, innovating, and expanding. The Nanyang basin, known for its red millet with amber-colored grains and high nutritional value, provides proper raw materials for brewing special rice wine [4]. Nanyang yellow rice wine, famous for its long history and unique flavor, is among the most famous local yellow rice wines in China. The brewing process of Nanyang yellow rice wine typically involves the following steps [5] (Figure 1). Firstly, select high-quality millet as the main raw material, rinse and soak it in water, steam it for later use, and incorporate auxiliary ingredients such as wheat to enhance the taste and flavor of the yellow rice wine [6]. Next, a mixture of high-quality Jiuqu and wheat flour is prepared in a specific ratio, and water and sugar are added to form Jiuqu cakes or sticks [7]. These Jiuqu cakes or sticks undergo fermentation, exposure to air, and other processes, allowing the yeast and other microorganisms in red Jiuqu to ferment and mature. Subsequently, the steamed glutinous rice is cooled, combined with the Jiuqu, and placed in a rice wine fermentation tank or vat for the fermentation cycle. The main fermentation temperature is maintained at 27–30 °C, with a maximum temperature limit of 32 °C [8]. The primary fermentation period lasts for approximately 4–5 days. Following this, the post-fermentation temperature is controlled at 15–25 °C, and the post-fermentation stage continues for 15–20 days (Figure 1). Throughout the fermentation process, careful control of temperature, humidity, and time is crucial to facilitate microorganisms and their enzyme activities, promoting the transformation of the mixture into yellow rice wine.
Fermentation 10 00040 g002
Figure 1. The traditional brewing process of yellow rice wine involves several stages. These stages include raw material preparation, Jiuqu preparation, primary fermentation, post-fermentation, residue separation, and sterilization.
After fermentation is complete, the solids in the yellow rice wine are separated using cloth bag filtration and pressing, resulting in a clear yellow wine liquid (Figure 1). This separated yellow wine solution is then stored in a maturing container for a specific aging period, typically ranging from several months to several years. Throughout the aging process, the yellow rice wine gradually mellows, and its aroma intensifies (Figure 1). The volatile components of yellow rice wine are highly complex, consisting of various aromatic compounds such as esters, alcohols, acids, and carbonyl compounds, which interact and harmonize with one another [9]. After aging, use a filter to further purify the aged yellow wine and filter out impurities and suspended solids. Purified yellow wine is usually bottled or barreled for sale and storage.

2. Microbial Improvement of the Composition and Quality of Yellow Rice Wine

Microorganisms are responsible for determining the flavor and overall quality of the final product [10]. The fermentation process of Shaoxing yellow rice wine typically involves the presence of 9 dominant genera, including Bacillus, Streptococcus, Streptococcus, Vibrio, Thermoactinomycetes, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Enterobacterium, and Lactobacillus [11]. The analysis of yellow rice wine Jiuqu from different sources revealed that it primarily contains Weissella, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Cronobacter [12]. These microorganisms can impact the flavors and qualities of yellow rice wine through the regulation of microbial growth, fermentation metabolites [13][14][15], metabolic balance, and ethanol production [16][17][18].
During the process of fermentation, microorganisms produce ethanol and other compounds, which play a role in regulating the alcohol content and taste as well as enhancing the flavor characteristics of yellow rice wine [19]. Yellow rice wine contains various volatile substances, primarily originating from the raw materials and metabolites of microorganisms. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), in combination with full rate application (RATA) techniques, could analyze the volatile flavor compounds in yellow rice wine during fermentation. The alcohol content in yellow rice wine significantly increases during the early stages of fermentation. Alcohols have higher threshold values compared to aldehydes but still play an essential role in improving the overall flavor of yellow rice wine [20]. Throughout the brewing process of yellow rice wine, the content of alcoholic substances rises rapidly during the primary fermentation stage, leading to an increase in both the quantity and variety of flavor components within the wine [21][22]. Aspergillus oryzae, the mold used in yellow rice wine production, produces a range of compounds through metabolism, including esters, fatty acids, and alcohols. These substances significantly influence the taste, aroma, and overall flavor profile of the beverage and contribute to the unique flavor and aroma of yellow rice wine [23]. The Meyerozyma genus strain YB-12, isolated from the fermentation materials of yellow rice wine, possesses a similar ability to produce ethanol as the brewing yeast NRRL Y-567. However, the production of isobutanol and isoamyl alcohol by YB-12 is only 53.96% and 50.23% of that by NRRL Y-567, respectively [24]. Isobutanol and isoamyl alcohol are primarily responsible for the spicy, bitter, and astringent taste of yellow rice wine, as well as some potential side effects such as headaches [25][26].
During post-fermentation, the alcohol content of yellow rice wine initially decreases and then increases [27]. The majority of alcohols are produced by the breakdown of sugars or amino acids by yeast, with ethanol being generated from glucose [28][29][30]. Higher alcohols, on the other hand, are produced primarily through the breakdown of amino acids and pyruvate metabolism. Yeast also produces aromatic compounds such as esters and phenolic compounds, which give yellow rice wine its unique aroma and flavor. Some microorganisms produce beneficial metabolic substances such as amino acids, polyphenols, and vitamins, thereby increasing their nutritional value [30][31][32]. Through chromatographic analysis, amino acids, alcohols, acids, phenols, and esters are the major flavor components. The microbial genera, including yeast, Aspergillus, Saccharopolysporium, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus, are most closely associated with the production of these flavor components [33]. The content and proportion of alcohol compounds produced by microorganisms in yellow rice wine are determined by the interaction between the brewing process and the microbiota [34]. Proper control of fermentation conditions, brewing temperature, and selection of appropriate strains can regulate the production of ethanol and other alcohols, thereby affecting the taste and flavors of yellow rice wine. Hence, it is possible to use specific microorganisms to regulate its fermentation products and produce yellow rice wine with different flavors and effects that highlight local characteristics.
Microorganisms regulate the metabolic balance during the brewing process of yellow rice wine [35]. Specifically, LAB are involved in the fermentation process, where they produce lactic acid and other organic acids. This helps to maintain the appropriate acidity in the fermentation broth and regulates the taste and flavor of yellow rice wine. Yeast and LAB are the primary microorganisms responsible for controlling the pH of the liquor and the production of organic acids. LAB, in particular, are responsible for lowering the pH of the liquor by producing lactic acid, creating the acidic environment necessary for the fermentation of yellow rice wine. Additionally, yeast produces acetic acid and citric acid, which also contribute to the acidity and taste of the wine [36]. Metagenomic analysis of mechanized yellow rice wine, artificially fermented yellow rice wine, and poorly fermented artificial yellow rice wine at different fermentation stages has revealed that LAB dominate in well-fermented yellow rice wine, while Lactobacillus brevis dominates in spoilage yellow rice wine. The well-fermented artificial yellow rice wine mash exhibits more activity in converting malic acid to pyruvate and synthesizing lactate, while poorly fermented artificial yellow rice wine porridge tends to accumulate acetate [37]. By changing the pH of the fermentation broth, microorganisms can ensure it remains within the optimal range necessary for the yellow rice wine fermentation process, thus regulating the brewing process. Therefore, the ability of microorganisms to produce acid in yellow rice wine brewing is crucial in determining its final quality and flavor.
In the process of brewing yellow rice wine, a variety of microorganisms are selected for mixed fermentation, especially yeast [38]. During the fermentation of yellow rice wine, enzymes such as amylase and lipase are produced by the microorganisms, particularly the yeast. These enzymes aid in the hydrolysis and conversion of starch and fat in rice wine, improving its overall quality. A mixed fungal starter containing two strains, Rhizopus oryzae YF1 and Aspergillus niger YF2, was applied in wheat Qu under optimal conditions. The fermentation process led to an increase in the activities of amylase, acid protease, and cellulase. Additionally, the final fermentation products showed a 19.6% increase in short peptides and a 131.8% increase in free amino acids [39]. The synergistic metabolism between microorganisms in yellow rice wine production can impact the biochemical reactions, efficiency of substrate utilization, and overall characteristics of the final product. By designing microbial interactions, it is possible to optimize the composition and quality of yellow rice wine. Microorganisms produce antioxidants and enzymes in the brewing process of yellow rice wine, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which help to maintain the redox balance and prevent premature oxidation of the wine [3]. Yeasts, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are commonly used due to their high antioxidant capacity and ability to produce these enzymes [40][41]. Pichia pastoris is also used in brewing and fermentation processes [42].
The use of microorganisms in brewing yellow rice wine has become increasingly precise and efficient. Future understanding of the metabolic pathways and regulatory network in the brewing process, optimizing fermentation conditions and control technologies, developing new microbial strains, and improving fermentation agents will undoubtedly contribute to enhancing the quality and stability of yellow rice wine.

3. The Compounds in Yellow Rice Wine and Their Health Effects

Yellow rice wine has not only been known for its culinary uses but also for its beneficial effects on physical health. In many traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, yellow rice wine has been used as a crucial ingredient. For instance, Taohong Siwu Tang, as documented in classic records, combines raw Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica sinensis, and Safflower, which are washed with yellow rice wine, to enhance its pharmacological effects in treating primary dysmenorrhea [43]. In recent years, the health effects of yellow rice wine have been revealed and described (Figure 2).
Fermentation 10 00040 g003
Figure 2. Yellow rice wine has a variety of components, including phenols, peptides, minerals, oligosaccharides, and vitamins, which contribute to its pharmacological effects such as blood pressure and cholesterol reduction, antioxidant, metabolism optimization, and immune regulation.
Yellow rice wine has demonstrated pharmacological effects in terms of its antioxidant properties [44][45][46], anti-aging benefits [47], and ability to support cardiovascular health [48][49]. Yellow rice wine is abundant in polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids and anthocyanins, which have antioxidant properties. They eliminate free radicals in the body, slow down cellular oxidative damage, and help delay the aging process. The yeast and LAB present during the fermentation process of yellow rice wine contain antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which improve the body’s antioxidant capacity. Additionally, various natural compounds in yellow rice wine possess anti-aging effects, enhance the body’s ability to repair itself, and reduce the occurrence of cellular damage and aging processes. The active compounds in yellow rice wine promote healthy metabolism, boost the body’s endurance, delay skin aging, and improve skin health. Yellow rice wine can mitigate inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by doxorubicin (DOX) by regulating the gut microbiota and its associated metabolites. Further, antibiotic treatment increased the cardiotoxicity of DOX-treated rats and partially eliminated the anti-cardiotoxic effect of yellow rice wine on the gut microbiota, indicating that the microbiota plays a crucial role in the cardioprotective effect of yellow rice wine [50]. Moreover, yellow rice wine’s ability to downregulate the TGF-β/smad3 signaling pathway in an Nrf2-dependent manner effectively reduces DOX-induced cardiac toxicity [51].
Though previous studies show that yellow rice wine has a cardiovascular protective effect [52], the exact composition and mechanism are still not fully understood. The polyphenols and peptide components in yellow wine can inhibit the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by homocysteine [53]. Additionally, yellow rice wine helps maintain a balance between metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [53]. The high presence of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in yellow rice wine has been found to improve learning and memory in rats. Yellow rice wine, in a D-galactose-induced aging mouse model, significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced levels of malondialdehyde in the brain and liver of the mice. This study showed improved cognitive impairment and anti-aging effects in mice [54]. Yellow rice wine contains peptides and minerals with antioxidant effects, as well as the ability to reduce blood pressure and cholesterol levels [55].
Yellow rice wine could promote gut health and regulate the immune system. LAB and their metabolic products present in yellow rice wine can promote a healthy balance of gut microbiota, thus maintaining gut health [56][57]. Additionally, yellow rice wine fermented with glutinous rice can relieve constipation caused by loperamide by regulating serum neurotransmitters and gut microbiota [58]. The probiotics and their metabolites, such as probiotic peptides, present in yellow rice wine have been shown to regulate the immune system and enhance the body’s immune function. The organic acids in yellow rice wine, such as lactic acid and acetic acid, have beneficial effects on intestinal mucosal cells and the immune system.
Yellow rice wine can serve as a nutrient supplement and aids digestion [59]. This is because yeast and LAB generate bioactive constituents during the fermentation process; for example, the proteins can be converted into amino acids and peptides. Furthermore, yellow rice wine contains enzymes such as amylase and protease, which improve the digestion and absorption of food, offering relief from digestive discomfort. As a traditional fermented beverage, yellow rice wine shows promising medicinal properties, making it potentially valuable in healthcare and medicine. However, further understanding of the effectiveness and effects of yellow rice wine on health is necessary. Isolating and identifying the active ingredients present in yellow rice wine, exploring their related mechanisms, and conducting both preclinical and clinical trials would give insight into the health effects of yellow rice wine.

References

  1. Xie, G.; Han, J.; Han, X.; Peng, Q.; Fu, J.; Shen, C.; Sun, J.; Sun, J.; Lu, J.; Lu, Y.; et al. Identification of colloidal haze protein in Chinese rice wine (Shaoxing Huangjiu) mainly by matrix-assisted laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Sci. Nutr. 2020, 8, 4027–4036.
  2. Tian, S.; Zeng, W.; Zhou, J.; Du, G. Correlation between the microbial community and ethyl carbamate generated during Huzhou rice wine fermentation. Food Res. Int. 2022, 154, 111001.
  3. Guo, J.; Lu, A.; Sun, Y.; Liu, B.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.; Huang, P.; Yang, A.; Li, Z.; Cao, Y.; et al. Purification and identification of antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides from Guangdong glutinous rice wine. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2022, 169, 113953.
  4. Li, S.; Liang, J.; Ma, Y.; Ding, Y.; Luo, J.; Yu, H.; Sun, J.; Liu, Y. Physicochemical properties of red millet: A novel Chinese rice wine brewing material. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2021, 45, 15556.
  5. Jiao, A.; Xu, X.; Jin, Z. Research progress on the brewing techniques of new-type rice wine. Food Chem. 2017, 215, 508–515.
  6. Wang, N.; Wu, Y.; Jia, G.; Wang, C.; Xiao, D.; Goff, H.D.; Guo, Q. Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of mycelium polysaccharide from liquid fermentation of Monascus purpureus (Hong Qu). Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 262, 117945.
  7. Mao, X.; Yue, S.; Xu, D.; Fu, R.; Han, J.; Zhou, H.; Tang, Y. Research progress on flavor and quality of Chinese rice wine in the brewing process. ACS Omega 2023, 8, 32311–32330.
  8. Liu, X.; Qian, M.; Dong, H.; Bai, W.; Zhao, W.; Li, X.; Liu, G. Effect of ageing process on carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC), its main precursors and aroma compound variation in Hakka Huangjiu produced in southern China. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 55, 1773–1780.
  9. Zhao, W.; Qian, M.; Dong, H.; Liu, X.; Bai, W.; Liu, G.; Lv, X. Effect of Hong Qu on the flavor and quality of Hakka yellow rice wine (Huangjiu) produced in Southern China. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2022, 160, 113264.
  10. Peng, Q.; Zheng, H.; Li, S.; Meng, K.; Yu, H.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, X.; Li, L.; Xu, Z.; Xie, G.; et al. Analysis on driving factors of microbial community succession in Jiuyao of Shaoxing Huangjiu (Chinese yellow rice wine). Food Res. Int. 2023, 172, 113144.
  11. Liu, S.; Mao, J.; Liu, Y.; Meng, X.; Ji, Z.; Zhou, Z.; Ai-lati, A. Bacterial succession and the dynamics of volatile compounds during the fermentation of Chinese rice wine from Shaoxing region. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015, 31, 1907–1921.
  12. Zhao, X.; Wang, Y.; Cai, W.; Yang, M.; Zhong, X.; Guo, Z.; Shan, C. High-throughput sequencing-based analysis of microbial diversity in rice wine koji from different areas. Curr. Microbiol. 2020, 77, 882–889.
  13. Zhou, W.; Hu, J.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Q. Application of bamboo leaves extract to Chinese yellow rice wine brewing for ethyl carbamate regulation and its mitigation mechanism. Food Chem. 2020, 319, 126554.
  14. Fang, R.; Zhou, W.; Chen, Q. Ethyl carbamate regulation and genomic expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during mixed-culture yellow rice wine fermentation with Lactobacillus sp. Food Chem. 2019, 292, 90–97.
  15. Fang, R.; Dong, Y.; Li, H.; Chen, Q. Ethyl carbamate formation regulated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ZJU in the processing of Chinese yellow rice wine. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 50, 626–632.
  16. Xia, X.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, B. Mixed starter culture regulates biogenic amines formation via decarboxylation and transamination during Chinese rice wine fermentation. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2018, 66, 6348–6356.
  17. Cai, H.; Zhang, Q.; Shen, L.; Luo, J.; Zhu, R.; Mao, J.; Zhao, M.; Cai, C. Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of Chinese rice wine fermented with different rice materials and starters. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 111, 226–234.
  18. Chen, L.; Liu, B.; Li, D.; Wang, S.; Ma, X.; Zhang, Y. Effects of fermentation on flavor and antioxidant activity in ginkgo rice wine. Food Biosci. 2023, 53, 102652.
  19. Liu, S.; Zhang, Z.; Mao, J.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, J.; Shen, C.; Wang, S.; Marco, M.; Mao, J. Integrated meta-omics approaches reveal Saccharopolyspora as the core functional genus in huangjiu fermentations. npj Biofilms Microbi 2023, 9, 65.
  20. Xia, D.; Tan, X.; Wang, L.; Li, Z.; Hou, A.; Zhu, Y.; Lai, L.; Wang, Y. GC-MS coupled with Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) to analyse the volatile flavor substances of yellow wine during fermentation. Foods 2023, 12, 1992.
  21. Yu, H.; Zheng, D.; Xie, T.; Xie, J.; Tian, H.; Ai, L.; Chen, C. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics to clarify the dynamic variations in the volatile composition of Huangjiu of different ages. J. Food Sci. 2022, 87, 1563–1574.
  22. Ye, Y.; Wang, L.; Zhan, P.; Tian, H.; Liu, J. Characterization of the aroma compounds of Millet Huangjiu at different fermentation stages. Food Chem. 2022, 366, 130691.
  23. Hu, W.; Liu, Z.; Fu, B.; Zhang, X.; Qi, Y.; Hu, Y.; Wang, C.; Li, D.; Xu, N. Metabolites of the soy sauce koji making with Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2022, 57, 301–309.
  24. Yuan, H.; Chen, W.; Chen, Y.; Wang, L.; Zhang, C.; Deng, W.; Zhang, L.; Liu, G.; Shen, C.; Lou, K.; et al. Isolation and characterization of yeast for the production of rice wine with low fusel alcohol content. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0260024.
  25. Lachenmeier, D.W.; Haupt, S.; Schulz, K. Defining maximum levels of higher alcohols in alcoholic beverages and surrogate alcohol products. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 2008, 50, 313–321.
  26. Zhong, X.; Wang, A.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, Z.; Li, B.; Lou, H.; Huang, G.; Wen, H. Reducing higher alcohols by nitrogen compensation during fermentation of Chinese rice wine. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2020, 29, 805–816.
  27. Feng, T.; Hu, Z.; Chen, L.; Chen, D.; Wang, X.; Yao, L.; Sun, M.; Song, S.; Wang, H. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) of aroma compounds in different aged Huangjiu. J. Food Sci. 2020, 85, 3273–3281.
  28. Yang, Y.; Hu, W.; Xia, Y.; Mu, Z.; Tao, L.; Song, X.; Zhang, H.; Ni, B.; Ai, L. Flavor formation in Chinese rice wine (Huangjiu): Impacts of the flavor-active microorganisms, raw materials, and fermentation technology. Front. Microbiol. 2021, 12, 636810.
  29. Yan, Y.; Sun, L.; Xing, X.; Wu, H.; Lu, X.; Zhang, W.; Xu, J.; Ren, Q. Microbial succession and exploration of higher alcohols-producing core bacteria in northern Huangjiu fermentation. Amb Express 2022, 12, 79.
  30. Qian, M.; Ruan, F.; Zhao, W.; Dong, H.; Bai, W.; Li, X.; Liu, X.; Li, Y. Comparison study of the physicochemical properties, amino acids, and volatile metabolites of Guangdong Hakka Huangjiu. Foods 2023, 12, 2915.
  31. Zhao, Y.; Liu, S.; Han, X.; Zhou, Z.; Mao, J. Combined effects of fermentation temperature and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains on free amino acids, flavor substances, and undesirable secondary metabolites in Huangjiu fermentation. Food Microbiol. 2022, 108, 104091.
  32. Yang, Y.; Ai, L.; Mu, Z.; Liu, H.; Yan, X.; Ni, L.; Zhang, H.; Xia, Y. Flavor compounds with high odor activity values (OAV >1) dominate the aroma of aged Chinese rice wine (Huangjiu) by molecular association. Food Chem. 2022, 383, 132370.
  33. Liu, S.; Chen, Q.; Zou, H.; Yu, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Mao, J.; Zhang, S. A metagenomic analysis of the relationship between microorganisms and flavor development in Shaoxing mechanized huangjiu fermentation mashes. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2019, 303, 9–18.
  34. Chen, G.; Li, W.; Tong, S.; Qiu, Y.; Han, J.; Lv, X.; Ai, L.; Sun, J.; Sun, B.; Ni, L. Effects of the microbial community on the formation of volatile compounds and biogenic amines during the traditional brewing of Hongqu rice wine. Curr. Res. Food Sci. 2022, 5, 1433–1444.
  35. Hu, J.; Liu, S.; Nan, M.; Liu, C.; Liu, G.; Mao, J. Analysis of changes in simulated rancidification process during the storage of Huangjiu. Food Sci. Nutr. 2022, 10, 3485–3491.
  36. Mendes Ferreira, A.; Mendes-Faia, A. The Role of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria on the metabolism of organic acids during winemaking. Foods 2020, 9, 1231.
  37. Xie, G.; Zheng, H.; Qiu, Z.; Lin, Z.; Peng, Q.; Dula Bealu, G.; Elsheery, N.I.; Lu, Y.; Shen, C.; Fu, J.; et al. Study on relationship between bacterial diversity and quality of Huangjiu (Chinese rice wine) fermentation. Food Sci. Nutr. 2021, 9, 3885–3892.
  38. Ciosek, A.; Fulara, K.; Hrabia, O.; Satora, P.; Poreda, A. Chemical composition of sour beer resulting from supplementation the fermentation medium with magnesium and zinc ions. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 1599.
  39. Yu, P.; Du, J.; Cao, C.; Cai, G.; Sun, J.; Wu, D.; Lu, J. Development of a novel multi-strain wheat Qu with high enzyme activities for Huangjiu fermentation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2021, 101, 4808–4817.
  40. Zhao, Y.; Liu, S.; Yang, Q.; Han, X.; Zhou, Z.; Mao, J. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with low-yield higher alcohols and high-yield acetate esters improve the quality, drinking comfort and safety of Huangjiu. Food Res. Int. 2022, 161, 111763.
  41. Yang, Y.; Xia, Y.; Hu, W.; Tao, L.; Ni, L.; Yu, J.; Ai, L. Membrane fluidity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Huangjiu (Chinese rice wine) is variably regulated by OLE1 to offset the disruptive effect of ethanol. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2019, 85, e01620-19.
  42. Wang, C.; Tang, J.; Qiu, S. Profiling of fungal diversity and fermentative yeasts in traditional Chinese Xiaoqu. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 2103.
  43. Wang, S.; Jiang, H.; Liu, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Zhou, T.; Zhang, J.; He, Y.; Ren, C.; Pei, J. A comparative study on the traditional versus modern yellow rice wine processing methods using Taohong Siwu Decoction for pharmaceutical production. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2022, 290, 115114.
  44. Zhang, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Qi, Y.; Guan, H.; Bai, L.; Chen, P.; Gao, W.; Zhuang, G.; Lu, T.; Yan, G. Comparative study on Angelica sinensis after different processing with yellow rice wine in color, aromas, chemical components, and antioxidant activities. Food Chem. X 2023, 19, 100822.
  45. Zheng, R.; Ren, T.; Niu, C.; Zheng, F.; Wang, J.; Liu, C.; Li, Q. Anthocyanins composition and antioxidant activity of purple rice and color degradation under sunlight exposure of purple rice wine. J. Food Meas. Charact. 2022, 16, 1889–1900.
  46. Zheng, X.; Chi, H.; Ma, S.; Zhao, L.; Cai, S. Identification of novel α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides in rice wine and their antioxidant activities using in silico and in vitro analyses. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2023, 178, 114629.
  47. Seo, M.; Chung, S.; Choi, W.; Seo, Y.; Jung, S.; Park, J.; Seo, M.; Park, J.; Kim, J.; Park, C. Anti-aging effect of rice wine in cultured human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2009, 107, 266–271.
  48. Weaver, S.R.; Rendeiro, C.; McGettrick, H.M.; Philp, A.; Lucas, S.J.E. Fine wine or sour grapes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of red wine polyphenols on vascular health. Eur. J. Nutr. 2021, 60, 1–28.
  49. Zhao, F.; Ji, Z.; Chi, J.; Tang, W.; Zhai, X.; Meng, L.; Guo, H. Effects of Chinese yellow wine on nitric oxide synthase and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expressions in rat vascular endothelial cells. Acta Cardiol. 2016, 71, 27–34.
  50. Lin, H.; Meng, L.; Sun, Z.; Sun, S.; Huang, X.; Lin, N.; Zhang, J.; Lu, W.; Yang, Q.; Chi, J.; et al. Yellow wine polyphenolic compound protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by modulating the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Circ.-Heart Fail. 2021, 14, 1136–1150.
  51. Lin, H.; Zhang, J.; Ni, T.; Lin, N.; Meng, L.; Gao, F.; Luo, H.; Liu, X.; Chi, J.; Guo, H. Yellow wine polyphenolic compounds prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through activation of the Nrf2 signalling pathway. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2019, 23, 6034–6047.
  52. Zhai, X.; Chi, J.; Tang, W.; Ji, Z.; Zhao, F.; Jiang, C.; Lv, H.; Guo, H. Yellow wine polyphenolic compounds inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2,-9 expression and improve atherosclerotic plaque in LDL-receptor-knockout mice. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2014, 125, 132–141.
  53. Meng, L.; Liu, L.; Zhou, C.; Pan, S.; Zhai, X.; Jiang, C.; Guo, Y.; Ji, Z.; Chi, J.; Peng, F.; et al. Polyphenols and polypeptides in Chinese Rice Wine inhibit homocysteine-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2016, 67, 482–490.
  54. Liu, R.; Fu, Z.; Zhang, F.; Mao, Q.; Luan, C.; Han, X.; Xue, J.; Wang, D.; Qin, S.; Hao, F. Effect of yellow rice wine on anti-aging ability in aged mice induced by D-galactose. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 2020, 9, 184–191.
  55. Luo, H.; Zeng, L.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, Y. Research progress of peptides in Huangjiu. Modern Food 2021, 02, 85–88.
  56. Yang, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Liu, Y.; Xu, X.; Xu, Y.; Zhou, W.; Chen, S.; Mao, J. Non-alcoholic components in Huangjiu as potential factors regulating the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota in mouse model of alcoholic liver injury. Foods 2022, 11, 1537.
  57. Ji, P.; Li, C.; Wei, Y.; Wu, F.; Liu, S.; Hua, Y.; Yao, W.; Zhang, X.; Yuan, Z.; Wen, Y. Screening study of blood-supplementing active components in water decoction of Angelica sinensis processed with yellow rice wine based on response surface methodology. Pharm. Biol. 2020, 58, 1167–1176.
  58. Feng, X.; Shi, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Ji, Z.; Zhou, W.; Chen, S.; Mao, J. Alleviation of loperamide-induced constipation with sticky rice fermented Huangjiu by the regulation of serum neurotransmitters and gut microbiota. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2023, 103, 692–704.
  59. Zhang, R.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S.; Mao, J. The existing recovery approaches of the Huangjiu lees and the future prospects: A mini review. Bioengineering 2022, 9, 695.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Microbiology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Jingxian Zhang
,
Tian Li
,
Gen Zou
,
Yongjun Wei
,
Lingbo Qu
View Times: 484
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 11 Jan 2024
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback