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Topic Review
Medicinal Properties of Cordyceps Mushrooms
Mushrooms have also been known to exhibit medicinal properties, and as such, they have been used in traditional medicine worldwide. Recently, scientists have turned their attention to Cordyceps (C.) sp. mushrooms in search of a natural product with high medicinal value. The study of C. mushrooms has shown they have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and anti-tumoral effects. It has also been shown that they can help improve the gut microbiota.
  • 418
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Major Depression as a Mitochondria-Associated Disease
The link between mitochondria and major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasingly evident, underscored both by mitochondria’s involvement in many mechanisms identified in depression and the high prevalence of MDD in individuals with mitochondrial disorders. Mitochondrial functions and energy metabolism are increasingly considered to be involved in MDD’s pathogenesis.
  • 145
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase and 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Oxidase in Abiotic Stress
Ethylene is an essential plant hormone, critical in various physiological processes. These processes include seed germination, leaf senescence, fruit ripening, and the plant’s response to environmental stressors. Ethylene biosynthesis is tightly regulated by two key enzymes, namely 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO). Under normal developmental processes, ACS and ACO collaborate to maintain balanced ethylene production, ensuring proper plant growth and physiology. However, under abiotic stress conditions, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, or pathogen attack, the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis becomes critical for plants’ survival.
  • 181
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biochar Impacts
Around the world, biochar, a multipurpose carbonaceous material, is being used to concurrently solve issues with enhancing soil fertility, plant growth, and development under both normal and stressful circumstances. It improves water retention, fosters nutrient absorption, and promotes microbial activity, creating a fertile environment that supports sustainable and resilient agriculture. Additionally, biochar acts as a carbon sink, contributing to long-term carbon sequestration and mitigating climate change impacts. The application of biochar is one of the sustainable approaches to improving the physical and chemical properties of soil, and the quality of produce and crops yield. Furthermore, biochar has proven to be efficient in different applications, particularly soil amendment for crop production and the removal of pollutants from the contaminated water and soil environments.
  • 234
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and its development is linked to multifactorial interactions between the environment, genetics, aging and lifestyle. The pathological hallmarks in AD are the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, neurotoxic events and impaired glucose metabolism. Due to pharmacological limitations and in view of the prevailing glycemic hypometabolism, the ketogenic diet (KD) emerges as a promising non-pharmacological possibility for managing AD, an approach that has already demonstrated efficacy in addressing other disorders, notably epilepsy. The KD consists of a food regimen in which carbohydrate intake is discouraged at the expense of increased lipid consumption, inducing metabolic ketosis whereby the main source of energy becomes ketone bodies instead of glucose. Thus, under these dietary conditions, neuronal death via lack of energy would be decreased, inasmuch as the metabolism of lipids is not impaired in AD. In this way, the clinical picture of patients with AD would potentially improve via the slowing down of symptoms and delaying of the progression of the disease.
  • 203
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lipid Membrane-Domain Subtypes
Lipid membrane nanodomains are membrane areas enriched on proteins that can form oligomers and cluster in the membranes. The formation of these oligomers is favored by cholesterol and other lipid species. The described size of these domains is diverse, from 10–200 nm diameter, and their characteristics are sometimes associated with the lipid microenvironment ruling the interaction between cholesterol- and sphingolipids and proteins enriched in these domains, gathering different proteins with different roles, in the same domain. Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane proteins by differential centrifugation and proteomic studies have revealed a remarkable diversity of proteins in these domains. The limited size of the lipid membrane nanodomain challenges the simple possibility that all of them can coexist within the same lipid membrane domain.
  • 189
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Bio-Nanoparticles Mediated Transesterification of Algal Biomass
Immense use of fossil fuels leads to various environmental issues, including greenhouse gas emissions, reduced oil reserves, increased energy costs, global climate changes, etc. These challenges can be tackled by using alternative renewable fuels such as biodiesel. Many studies reported that biodiesel production from microalgae biomass is an environment-friendly and energy-efficient approach, with significantly improved fuel quality in terms of density, calorific value and viscosity. Biodiesel is produced using the transesterification process and the most sustainable method is utilizing enzymes for transesterification. Lipase is an enzyme with excellent catalytic activity, specificity, enantio-selectivity, compatibility and stability and hence it is applied in microalgae biodiesel production. But, difficulty in enzymatic recovery, high enzyme cost and minimal reaction rate are some of its drawbacks that have to be addressed. In this aspect, the nanotechnological approach of lipase immobilization in producing microalgae biodiesel is a promising way to increase production yield and it is due to the adsorption efficiency, economic benefit, recyclability, crystallinity, durability, stability, environmental friendliness and catalytic performance of the bio-nanoparticles used. Through increasing post-harvest biomass yield, absorption of CO2 and photosynthesis in the photobioreactor, the use of nanoparticle immobilized lipase during the generation of biodiesel from microalgae has the potential to also remove feedstock availability constraints. 
  • 188
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ribosome Heterogeneity in Normal Cellular Function
The traditional perception of ribosomes as uniform molecular machines has been revolutionized by recent discoveries, revealing a complex landscape of ribosomal heterogeneity. Opposing the conventional belief in interchangeable ribosomal entities, emerging studies underscore the existence of specialized ribosomes, each possessing unique compositions and functions. Factors such as cellular and tissue specificity, developmental and physiological states, and external stimuli, including circadian rhythms, significantly influence ribosome compositions.
  • 170
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Quinces as Medicinal Fruits of the Rosaceae Family
Quince (Cydonia oblonga, Chaenomeles sp., and Pseuocydonia sinensis) fruits contain carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, carboxylic acids, triterpenes, and bioactive polyphenols. They are rich in antioxidants and chemical compounds that have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-allergic, and immunomodulatory effects. Their phytochemicals have been shown to effectively regulate glycemia and improve blood lipid profiles, suggesting potential anti-diabetic and cardioprotective benefits. The fruits of the Cydonia, Chaenomeles, and Pseuocydonia genera are morpholophically similar, which may make them difficult to distinguish.
  • 309
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have a significant impact on the pathophysiological processes associated with various diseases such as tumors, inflammation, and infection. They exhibit molecular, biochemical, and entry control characteristics similar to viral infections. Viruses, on the other hand, depend on host metabolic machineries to fulfill their biosynthetic requirements. Due to potential advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradation, and efficient immune activation, EVs have emerged as potential therapeutic targets against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. 
  • 108
  • 16 Jan 2024
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