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Topic Review
Methods for Determining Bacterial Contamination of Platelet Products
A wide variety of direct and indirect methods have been used to test platelets for the presence of bacterial contamination, and those that are in current use will be discussed. Tests performed on platelet products have been defined by the recent US FDA guidance document on this subject as primary and secondary. Primary testing is the initial bacterial detection test, usually by culture, performed following collection and before release of products for transfusion. Secondary testing is any additional test to detect bacteria in a platelet unit that showed no bacterial contamination upon primary testing. Secondary testing can be by culture or rapid testing methods.
  • 124
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Integrated Approach for Carotenoid Biofortification in Cowpea
Legumes are a source of important secondary metabolites including carotenoids, and they play a significant role in food and diet diversification and ecosystem protection. Carotenoids are the second-most abundant naturally occurring pigments on earth, synthesized by plants, which fulfill important physiological functions. The main carotenoid pigments found in the photosystems of plants include α-Carotene and β-carotene, which are further hydroxylated to produce xanthophylls (e.g., lutein and zeaxanthin). The crucial roles of carotenoids and their metabolites in photooxidative protection and photosynthesis, not to mention nutrition, vision, and cellular differentiation, make them an important class of biological pigments. In cowpeas, carotenoids are mainly present in seeds, leaves, and pods, which contribute to the antioxidant properties of this legume. Increasing the content of carotenoids in cowpeas will contribute to food and nutrition security in the tropics. 
  • 120
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Biogenesis of Exosomes
Exosomes, ranging from 30 to 150 nanometers in diameter, emerge as crucial biological nano-scale lipid bilayer vesicles. These vesicles are secreted by various cell types, including dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, T cells, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and several cancer cells.
  • 228
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Monomeric Extracellular Ubiquitin
Ubiquitin (Ub) was discovered in 1975 in bovine thymus and subsequently found in multiple organisms and tissues. Ub is a small 76-amino-acid protein with a molecular weight of 8.6 kDa and a surface area of 4800 Å2. It is highly conserved across species. Indeed, human and mouse Ub are identical and differ from yeast by only two amino acids (96% sequence identity), indicating a well-conserved role in regulating important cellular processes across diverse and evolutionarily distant organisms. Ub is encoded by four different genes in humans; two of them, UBA52 and RSP27A, encode for a single Ub fused to the ribosomal L40 and S27A proteins, respectively, whereas the other two, UBB and UBC, produce three and nine head-to-tail tandem Ubs with a C-terminal cysteine (C) or valine (V), respectively. After expression, the polyubiquitins, as well as the C-terminal C or V extensions, are processed by specific cellular deubiquitinases (DUBs) to generate Ub.
  • 187
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Natural Protective Products for Protecting Plants against Insects
Plant protection against insects relies on four main pillars: prevention and biological, chemical, and physical action. The use of chemical insecticides, a common practice, should be avoided unless all other methods have failed due to their potential negative impact on both humans and the environment.
  • 253
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Replication Protein A
Replication protein A (RPA) is a heterotrimeric protein complex and the main single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding protein in eukaryotes. RPA has key functions in most of the DNA-associated metabolic pathways and DNA damage signalling. Its high affinity for ssDNA helps to stabilise ssDNA structures and protect the DNA sequence from nuclease attacks. RPA consists of multiple DNA-binding domains which are oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB)-folds that are responsible for DNA binding and interactions with proteins. These RPA–ssDNA and RPA–protein interactions are crucial for DNA replication, DNA repair, DNA damage signalling, and the conservation of the genetic information of cells. Proteins such as ATR use RPA to locate to regions of DNA damage for DNA damage signalling.
  • 793
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Crayfish Plague Pathogen Aphanomyces astaci in Ireland
Crayfish plague is a devastating disease of European freshwater crayfish and is caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci (A. astaci), believed to have been introduced to Europe around 1860. All European species of freshwater crayfish are susceptible to the disease, including the white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes. A. astaci is primarily spread by North American crayfish species and can also disperse rapidly through contaminated wet gear moved between water bodies. This spread, coupled with competition from non-indigenous crayfish, has drastically reduced and fragmented native crayfish populations across Europe. Remarkably, the island of Ireland remained free from the crayfish plague pathogen for over 100 years, providing a refuge for A. pallipes. However, this changed in 1987 when a mass mortality event was linked to the pathogen, marking its introduction to the region. 
  • 187
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Environmental Stress-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Plants
Plants have evolved complicated defense and adaptive systems to grow in various abiotic stress environments such as drought, cold, and salinity. Anthocyanins belong to the secondary metabolites of flavonoids with strong antioxidant activity in response to various abiotic stress and enhance stress tolerance. Anthocyanin accumulation often accompanies the resistance to abiotic stress in plants to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). 
  • 174
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
MSC-EV-microRNAome in Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are complex and heterogeneous syndromes for which no specific therapies exist. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) administration significantly reduces tissue inflammation and remodeling, improves pathogen clearance, and reduces morbidity and mortality in multiple preclinical models of sepsis and acute lung injury (ALI, the animal corollary to ARDS) 
  • 142
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Types of Cultivation in Greenhouses
Greenhouse cultivation includes two types: conventional and hydroponic (cultivation substrate in soil, and cultivation substrate in water-based nutrient solution, respectively). Greenhouse cultivation systems have garnered substantial attention due to their ability to create a controlled environment for crop growth, resulting in higher yields, improved quality, and reduced water usage. 
  • 214
  • 17 Feb 2024
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