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Topic Review
Vitamin D Metabolism Gene Polymorphisms
Vitamin D is a potent immunonutrient that through its main metabolite calcitriol, regulates the immunomodulation of macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, which express the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and they produce and respond to calcitriol. Genetic association studies have shown that up to 65% of vitamin D serum variance may be explained due to genetic background. 
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D May Protect against Breast Cancer
In general, the protective effect of vitamin D3 against breast cancer is underlined by inhibition of proliferation and migration, stimulation of differentiation and apoptosis, and inhibition of epithelial/mesenchymal transition in breast cells. Vitamin D3 may also inhibit the transformation of normal mammary progenitors into breast cancer stem cells that initiate and sustain the growth of breast tumors. As long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in breast cancer pathogenesis, and the specific mechanisms underlying this role are poorly understood, we provided several arguments that vitamin D3/VDR may induce protective effects in breast cancer through modulation of lncRNAs that are important for breast cancer pathogenesis.
  • 504
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Toxins and Aging-Related Compounds Neutralisation
Vitamin D is a micronutrient that is metabolised into a multifunctional secosteroid compound, calcitriol [1,25(OH)2D], essential for the health and survival of humans. Both 25 dihydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)2D: calcifediol] and its hormonal form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D: calcitriol] are essential for human physiological functions, including damping down inflammation and the excessive intracellular oxidative stresses. The interaction of 1,25(OH)2D with its intracellular (calcitriol)receptors modulates vitamin D–dependent gene transcription and activation of vitamin D-responsive elements, which triggers multiple second messenger systems. Vitamin D controls systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial respiratory function. Molecular and cellular actions of calcitriol slow down oxidative stress and inflammation, cell and tissue damage, and the aging process, especially when the circulating 25(OH)D concentration is maintained above 50 ng/mL. Whereas, Vitamin D deficiency impairs mitochondrial functions and enhances oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, increases infection-related complications, premature deaths, and accelerates the aging process.  
  • 511
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D in the Context of Evolution
For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes have been able to synthesize sterols and, therefore, can produce vitamin D when exposed to UV-B. Vitamin D endocrinology was established some 550 million years ago in animals, when the high-affinity nuclear receptor VDR (vitamin D receptor), transport proteins and enzymes for vitamin D metabolism evolved. This enabled vitamin D to regulate, via its target genes, physiological process, the first of which were detoxification and energy metabolism. In this way, vitamin D was enabled to modulate the energy-consuming processes of the innate immune system in its fight against microbes. In the evolving adaptive immune system, vitamin D started to act as a negative regulator of growth, which prevents overboarding reactions of T cells in the context of autoimmune diseases. When, some 400 million years ago, species left the ocean and were exposed to gravitation, vitamin D endocrinology took over the additional role as a major regulator of calcium homeostasis, being important for a stable skeleton.
  • 339
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of central nervous system and is caused by an aberrant immune response to myelin sheath. Disease-modifying medications, which mainly aim to suppress such aberrant immune response, have significantly improved MS treatment. However, the disease severity continues to worsen. In contrast, progressively more data suggest that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1,25(OH)2D, i.e., the active vitamin D, suppresses the differentiation of potentially pathogenic T cells associated with MS, enhances the differentiation of regulatory T cells that suppress the pathogenic T cells, and promotes remyelination. These novel 1,25(OH)2D functions have encouraged investigators to develop vitamin D as a potential therapy for MS. However, because of the hypercalcemia that is associated with high 1,25(OH)2D concentrations, supplementation of native vitamin D has been a major focus in clinical trials for the treatment of MS, but such trials have produced mixed data. In this article, we will review current progress in the supplementation of different vitamin D forms for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (i.e., an MS animal model) as well as MS.
  • 746
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Immune System
Recent research has led to an explosion in our interest and our understanding of the role of vitamin D in regulation of immunity. At the molecular level, the hormonal form of vitamin D signals through the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-regulated transcription factor. The VDR and vitamin D metabolic enzymes are expressed throughout the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. The advent of genome-wide approaches to gene expression profiling led to identification of numerous VDR-regulated genes implicated in regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The molecular data infer that vitamin D signaling should boost innate immunity against pathogens of bacterial or viral origin.
  • 989
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Cognitive Dysfunction
Vitamin D is necessary for all vertebrates, including humans, to maintain adequate phosphate and calcium levels in the blood, thereby helping to develop normal bone, optimal maintenance of muscle contractions, and cellular functions in different parts of the body. The developmental disabilities induced by vitamin D deficiency (VDD) include neurological disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia) characterized by cognitive dysfunction. 
  • 460
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Risk and Disease
Beyond its key role in calcium homeostasis, vitamin D has been found to significantly affect the cardiovascular (CV) system. In fact, low vitamin D levels have been associated with increased CV risk, as well as increased CV morbidity and mortality. The majority of effects of this molecule are related directly or indirectly to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Generally, vitamin D insufficiency is considered for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels between 21–29 ng/mL (corresponding to 52.5–72.5 nmol/L), deficiency as 25(OH)D levels less than 20 ng/mL (<50 nmol/L), and extreme deficiency as 25(OH)D less than 10 ng/mL (<25 nmol/L). However, the definition of an optimal vitamin D status, as defined by 25(OH)D, remains controversial for many extra-bone conditions, including CV disease. 
  • 244
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Breast Cancer
Vitamin D3, which is well known to maintain calcium homeostasis, plays an important role in various cellular processes. It regulates the proliferation and differentiation of several normal cells, including immune and neoplastic cells, influences the cell cycle, and stimulates cell maturation and apoptosis through a mechanism dependent on the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The involvement of vitamin D3 in breast cancer development has been observed in numerous clinical studies. The effect of vitamin D3 on the development of breast cancer (favorable, ineffective, or even unfavorable) depends on many factors, such as age, menopausal status, or obesity. 
  • 281
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Brain Health
In the present review a novel role of vitamin D has been described during aging condition, focusing on vitamin D mechanism in brain and how it can help slow down diseases related to neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. In particular vitamin D metabolism and the role of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in brain was underlained. Despite the important role of vitamin D in this context, we discussed the potential effects of curcumin on the health of the central nervous system. Finally we focused on possible treatments triggered by vitamin D and curcumin, especially in neuroprotection and maintaining brain health.
  • 849
  • 27 Oct 2020
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