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Topic Review
Rosmarinus officinalis in Cutaneous Diseases
The rosemary plant, Rosmarinus officinalis L., one of the main members of the Lamiaceae family, is currently one of the most promising herbal medicines due to its pharmaceutical properties. Rosmarinic acid, beyond its anti-infectious, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, has been extensively investigated for its anti-cancer activity on various apparently functionally disconnected molecular targets leading to various types of cancer.
  • 348
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Probiotic-Based Sanitation in the Built Environment
The use of conventional chemical disinfectants is a common practice in built environments and has drastically increased in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. While effective for instantaneous disinfection, the application of chemical disinfectants to indoor surfaces is associated with recontamination and is prone to select for antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. In contrast, probiotic-based sanitation (PBS) relies on the premise that probiotic bacteria, namely apathogenic Bacillus spp., when combined with eco-friendly detergents and applied to indoor surfaces can outcompete and exclude pathogens.
  • 279
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Regulatory Role of Snc1 in Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Fungi are an important group of microorganisms that play crucial roles in a variety of ecological and biotechnological processes. Fungi depend on intracellular protein trafficking, which involves moving proteins from their site of synthesis to the final destination within or outside the cell. The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) proteins are vital components of vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion, ultimately leading to the release of cargos to the target destination. The v-SNARE (vesicle-associated SNARE) Snc1 is responsible for anterograde and retrograde vesicle trafficking between the plasma membrane (PM) and Golgi. It allows for the fusion of exocytic vesicles to the PM and the subsequent recycling of Golgi-localized proteins back to the Golgi via three distinct and parallel recycling pathways. This recycling process requires several components, including a phospholipid flippase (Drs2-Cdc50), an F-box protein (Rcy1), a sorting nexin (Snx4-Atg20), a retromer submit, and the COPI coat complex. Snc1 interacts with exocytic SNAREs (Sso1/2, Sec9) and the exocytic complex to complete the process of exocytosis. It also interacts with endocytic SNAREs (Tlg1 and Tlg2) during endocytic trafficking. Snc1 has been extensively investigated in fungi and has been found to play crucial roles in various aspects of intracellular protein trafficking.
  • 439
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibody 5B2
Candidiasis (either mucocutaneous or systemic) is an opportunistic infection caused mainly by Candida albicans, a yeast and natural commensal of the human digestive tract and vagina. Unlike true pathogens, the presence of yeasts alone does not indicate their pathogenic character, which depends essentially on the susceptibility of the host and the expression of pathogenicity factors by some yeast strains. It is therefore essential to have markers associated with pathogenicity to understand the mechanisms of infection and to diagnose these infections as accurately as possible. The development of hybridoma technology/advent of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) led to considerable progress in answering some of these questions. Among the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed, mAb 5B2 allowed us to make considerable progress in understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and also contributed to the diagnosis of candidiasis and the tracing of more pathogenic strains. 
  • 285
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota Short-Chain Fatty Acids Modulate Antioxidant Defences
Food nutrients play a key role in human metabolism and health via the modulation of multiple mechanisms, including energy metabolism, intestinal homeostasis, antioxidant homeostasis, and immune responses. The intestine is an essential organ involved in human nutrition, the metabolic activity of gut microbes is essential for maintaining host health, and alterations in its composition induce metabolic shifts that may have adverse effects. The consensus on microbiota-mediated healthy effects on the host is based on the microbe-induced biotransformation of food components into bioactive metabolites. Bioactive molecules exhibit, in combination with food components, the ability to modulate the metabolic pathways of the host or to modify the composition and metabolism of the microbiota. Studies indicated the efficacy of the carbohydrates accessible to the microbiota (MACs), polyphenols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in increasing the microbial population with the ability to yield biologically active metabolites (e.g., polyphenol metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)) capable of modulating redox homeostasis of the host.
  • 384
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Live Recombinant Antigen Delivery Vehicles
Due to their ability to simulate natural infections, live recombinant vectors can stimulate humoral and/or cellular immune responses and can elicit mucosal immunity through oral administration. However, despite the many advantages of using live bacteria as an alternative system for the delivery of heterologous antigens, safety concerns must also be considered.
  • 341
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Legume–Rhizobial Symbiotic Interactions Beyond Nitrogen Fixation
Plants often experience unfavorable conditions during their life cycle that impact their growth and sometimes their survival. A temporary phase of such stress, which can result from heavy metals, drought, salinity, or extremes of temperature or pH, can cause mild to enormous damage to the plant depending on its duration and intensity. Besides environmental stress, plants are the target of many microbial pathogens, causing diseases of varying severity. In plants that harbor mutualistic bacteria, stress can affect the symbiotic interaction and its outcome.
  • 327
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
TPPP-like Proteins in Myzozoa
TPPP-like proteins contain one or more p25alpha domains. They obtained their name after tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP1), the first identified member of this protein family. Originally, it was named p25alpha protein, which became the eponym of the domain. Myzozoans are a monophyletic clade, and a sister clade to the Ciliata, within Alveolata.
  • 379
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Rhizobium Symbiosis and Regulation Networks
Rhizobia refer to a polyphyletic group of Gram-negative bacteria that induce nodule formation on roots, or occasionally stems, of leguminous plants, where they reduce N2 into ammonia. The rhizobium symbiosis involves biological processes including communication with plant host, migration to the rhizosphere, rhizoplane colonization, induction of nodule and infection thread, intracellular host infection, accommodation in the plant cell, morphological differentiation, lifestyle change and cell function specialization. This represents a typical complicated trait that needs not only key symbiosis genes but also a large number of core and lineage-specific functions. 
  • 409
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cancer Development
Matrikines (MKs) can be a rich source of functional nutrition components and additional therapy, thereby contributing to human health care and reducing the risk of developing serious diseases, including cancer. Functionally active MKs as products of enzymatic transformation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are used for various biomedical purposes. Due to the absence of toxic side effects, low species specificity, relatively small size, and presence of various targets at the cell membranes, MKs often exhibit antitumor properties and, therefore, are promising agents for antitumor combination therapy. 
  • 489
  • 16 Jun 2023
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