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Topic Review
Stress-Related Hormones in Drosophila melanogaster
The response of living beings to adverse conditions, known as the stress reaction, is a complex mechanism including various signaling pathways and hormones. Some are evolutionarily conserved, such as the insulin signaling pathway, others, such as 20-hydroxyecdysone, adipokinetic or juvenile hormones, are taxon-specific in insects. Key components of the neuroendocrine stress reaction in insects are biogenic amines (dopamine and octopamine), juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, adipokinetic hormone and insulin-like peptides. 
  • 392
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Stress-Induced Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is typically found in a latent, asymptomatic state in immunocompetent individuals. Perturbations of the host immune system can stimulate viral reactivation. Furthermore, there are a myriad of EBV-associated illnesses including various cancers, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and autoimmune conditions. A thorough understanding of this virus, and the interplay between stress and the immune system, is essential to establish effective treatment.
  • 930
  • 07 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Stress-associated Plant Acyl-CoA-binding Proteins
Plants are constantly exposed to environmental stresses during their growth and development. Owing to their immobility, plants possess stress-sensing abilities and adaptive responses to cope with the abiotic and biotic stresses caused by extreme temperatures, drought, flooding, salinity, heavy metals and pathogens. Acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs), a family of conserved proteins among prokaryotes and eukaryotes, bind to a variety of acyl-CoA esters with different affinities and play a role in the transport and maintenance of subcellular acyl-CoA pools. In plants, studies have revealed ACBP functions in development and stress responses through their interactions with lipids and protein partners.
  • 632
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Stress Memory and Inheritance of Drought Tolerance
Plants respond to drought stress by producing abscisic acid, a chemical messenger that regulates gene expression and thereby expedites various physiological and cellular processes including the stomatal operation to mitigate stress and promote tolerance. To trigger or suppress gene transcription under drought stress conditions, the surrounding chromatin architecture must be converted between a repressive and active state by epigenetic remodeling, which is achieved by the dynamic interplay among DNA methylation, histone modifications, loop formation, and non-coding RNA generation. Plants can memorize chromatin status under drought conditions to enable them to deal with recurrent stress. Furthermore, drought tolerance acquired during plant growth can be transmitted to the next generation. The epigenetically modified chromatin architectures of memory genes under stressful conditions can be transmitted to newly developed cells by mitotic cell division, and to germline cells of offspring by overcoming the restraints on meiosis.
  • 684
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Stress Management in Plants
Climate change is a multifaceted phenomenon that affects plant and animal species, as well as their habitats and ecosystems due to altered weather patterns and an increased frequency of extreme weather events. It also contributes to the spread of pests and diseases. Being rooted in one place, plants are highly sensitive to fluctuations in temperature, rainfall, radiation, and other environmental factors, which induce a range of short-term or medium-term reactions, such as the acclimation processes, or long-term phenomena, such as transgenerational adaptation. These reactions can impact the physiological state of plants, affecting their growth and development and leading to reduced seed production and germination, decreased nutrient uptake, and water use efficiency, increased vulnerability to pests and diseases and, in extreme cases, death. The kinetics of the normal biological response is contingent on the intensity and duration of the stressor (acute or chronic). 
  • 333
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Stress Granules Dynamics during Acute Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Following an ischemic insult, cells undergo endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which increases the ER’s protein-folding and degradative capacities and blocks the global synthesis of proteins by phosphorylating the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha (eIF2α). Phosphorylation of eIF2α is directly related to the dynamics of stress granules (SGs), which are membraneless organelles composed of RNA-binding proteins and mRNA. SGs play a critical role in mRNA metabolism and translational control. Other translation factors are also linked to cellular pathways, including SG dynamics following a stroke. Because the formation of SGs is closely connected to mRNA translation, it is interesting to explore the relationship between SG dynamics and cellular outcome in cases of ischemic damage.
  • 532
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Stress Accelerates Tumor Progression via Sympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) originates in the ventral brainstem, where sympathetic premotor neurons are found. They are found predominantly in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM). These neurons project to the intermediolateral nucleus (IML, also known as the sympathetic preganglionic nucleus), which then projects to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for terminal output to peripheral organs which control heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, glycemia, vigilance and other physiological responses. When negative emotions are induced under chronic stress, the sympathetic nervous system is continuously activated and increases the release of catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine). In a spontaneous colon tumor model, ablation of sympathetic premotor neurons in APCmin/+ mice reduces the number of polyps in the mouse intestine. Sympathetic denervation also leads to decreased tumorigenesis in a spontaneous prostate tumor mouse model. These results suggest that loss of SNS function may slow tumorigenesis.
  • 508
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Streptococcus spp. in Bovine Mastitis
The Streptococcus genus belongs to one of the major pathogen groups inducing bovine mastitis. In the dairy industry, mastitis is the most common and costly disease. It not only negatively impacts economic profit due to milk losses and therapy costs, but it is an important animal health and welfare issue as well. 
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Streptococcus gordonii
Streptococcus gordonii, a Gram-positive bacterium, is a commensal bacterium that is commonly found in the skin, oral cavity, and intestine.  It is also known as an opportunistic pathogen that can cause local or systemic diseases, such as apical periodontitis and infective endocarditis. S. gordonii, an early colonizer, easily attaches to host tissues, including tooth surfaces and heart valves, forming biofilms. S. gordonii penetrates into root canals and blood streams, subsequently interacting with various host immune and non-immune cells. The cell wall components of S. gordonii, which include lipoteichoic acids, lipoproteins, serine-rich repeat adhesins, peptidoglycans, and cell wall proteins, are recognizable by individual host receptors. They are involved in virulence and immunoregulatory processes causing host inflammatory responses. Therefore, S. gordonii cell wall components act as virulence factors that often progressively develop diseases through overwhelming host responses.
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Streptococcal Infections in Marine Mammals
Marine mammals are sentinels for the marine ecosystem and threatened by numerous factors including infectious diseases. One of the most frequently isolated bacteria are beta-hemolytic streptococci. However, knowledge on ecology and epidemiology of streptococcal species in marine mammals is very limited.
  • 869
  • 18 Mar 2021
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