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Topic Review
Sirtuin 6 in Metabolic Activity
Sirtuins, in mammals, are a group of seven enzymes (SIRT1–SIRT7) involved in the post-translational modification of proteins—they are considered longevity proteins. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), classified as class IV, is located on the cell nucleus. It affects many molecular pathways involved in aging: telomere maintenance, DNA repair, inflammatory processes or glycolysis. SIRT6 is involved in the regulation of homeostasis—an increase in the protein’s activity has been noted in calorie-restriction diets and with significant weight loss, among others. Expression of this protein is also elevated in people who regularly exercise. 
  • 403
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Toxungen
A toxungen comprises a secretion or other body fluid of one or more biological toxins that is transferred by one animal to the external surface of another animal via a physical delivery mechanism. Toxungens can be delivered through spitting, spraying, or smearing. As one of three categories of biological toxins, toxungens can be distinguished from poisons, which are passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin, and venoms, which are delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action. Toxungen use offers the evolutionary advantage of delivering toxins into the target's tissues without the need for physical contact.
  • 390
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Particulate Systems for Administration of Vaccines and Therapeutics
The use of particles to develop vaccines and treatments for a wide variety of diseases has increased, and their success has been demonstrated in preclinical investigations. Accurately targeting cells and minimizing doses and adverse side effects, while inducing an adequate biological response, are important advantages that particulate systems offer. The most used particulate systems are liposomes and their derivatives, immunostimulatory complexes, virus-like particles, and organic or inorganic nano- and microparticles. 
  • 268
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Blood Ethanol Levels
In the interplay of the gut microbiota and endogenous ethanol production, the production of ethanol through the endogenous fermentation of carbohydrates is an inevitable result. “Alcohol-producing” processes may be succinctly abstracted to ethanol’s constant formation from acetaldehyde in the human body through various metabolic processes. In such cases where it is not introduced from the environment, it is called “endogenous ethanol”.
  • 615
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Melatonin in Horticultural Plants
It has been discovered that melatonin, a hormone that is known for its involvement in regulating sleep-wake cycles in mammals, has a range of different functions in horticultural plants. Research has shown that melatonin plays an important role in many physiological processes in plants. This includes the regulation of growth and development, stress tolerance and antioxidant defense. Melatonin has been found to be beneficial in supporting seed germination, roots, shoot growth and biomass accumulation in horticultural crops. It also has a key role in regulating vegetative and reproductive growth stages, floral transition and leaf senescence. Moreover, melatonin helps to improve stress tolerance in crops by regulating root architecture, nutrient uptake and ion transport. Additionally, melatonin acts as a broad-spectrum antioxidant by effectively scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhancing antioxidant activity. The mechanism of melatonin's action in horticultural plants involves gene expressions, hormone signaling pathways and antioxidant defense pathways. Melatonin interacts with other plant growth regulators, including auxins, cytokinins and abscisic acid, to coordinate different physiological processes in plants. Melatonin has become a versatile chemical entity with diverse functions in horticultural plants and its potential applications in crop production and stress management are being increasingly explored. 
  • 388
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Modulation of Mitochondrial Architecture
Mitochondrial architecture is determined by several components, which include the following: mitochondrial distribution in the cytosol, supported by interaction with the cytoskeleton; events of fission and fusion, mediated by mitochondrial dynamics proteins; mitochondrial network contact with other organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lipid droplets (LDs), lysosomes, and plasma membrane); and the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes.
  • 311
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Microglia Proliferation in a Rat Model
Although microglia exist as a minor glial cell type in the normal state of the brain, they increase in number in response to various disorders and insults. However, it remains unclear whether microglia proliferate in the affected area, and the mechanism of the proliferation has long attracted the attention of researchers.
  • 371
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Genomic Profiling for Breast Cancer Heterogeneity Analysis
Breast cancer continues to pose a significant healthcare challenge worldwide for its inherent molecular heterogeneity. 
  • 228
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Polyphenol-Protein Complexes with Antioxidant Properties
Proteins have been extensively studied for their outstanding functional properties, while polyphenols have been shown to possess biological activities such as antioxidant properties. There is increasing clarity about the enhanced functional properties as well as the potential application prospects for the polyphenol–protein complexes with antioxidant properties. It is both a means of protein modification to provide enhanced antioxidant capacity and a way to deliver or protect polyphenols from degradation.
  • 511
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Piezo1 in Digestive System Function and Dysfunction
Piezo1, a non-selective cation channel directly activated by mechanical forces, is widely expressed in the digestive system and participates in biological functions physiologically and pathologically.
  • 252
  • 28 Aug 2023
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