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Topic Review
Pathophysiological Implications of Interstitial Cajal-like Cells in Uterus
The main function of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) is to regulate gastrointestinal peristalsis by acting as a “pacemaker” cell by generating spontaneous slow electrical waves. In 2005, electron microscopy revealed a cell type similar to ICCs (ICC-like) outside the gastrointestinal tract, with contractile activity and c-Kit+ immunohistochemistry shared with ICCs. Among the locations where ICC-like cells have been observed, it is in the uterus where they have a significant functional and pathophysiological role. These cells are involved in obstetric phenomena of contractile action, such as ascending sperm transport, embryo implantation, pregnancy, delivery, and the expulsion of menstrual debris. 
  • 355
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism in Influenza A Virus Infection
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important zoonotic pathogen that can cause disease in animals such as poultry and pigs, and it can cause infection and even death in humans, posing a serious threat to public health. IAV is an enveloped virus that relies on host cell metabolic systems, especially lipid metabolism systems, to complete its life cycle in host cells. On the other side, host cells regulate their metabolic processes to prevent IAV replication and maintain their normal physiological functions. 
  • 207
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Liver Toxicity Induced by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of flame retardants used in plastics, textiles, polyurethane foam, and other materials.  The liver is an essential organ for metabolic detoxification and is sensitive to environmental toxicants. Hence, the liver is susceptible to injury when exposed to xenobiotics. For instance, significant liver weight increase and cell swelling, coupled with an elevated expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A2, CYP3A1, and CYP2B1) enzymes and genes and hepatocytic fatty degeneration, have been reported in PBDEs.
  • 201
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Histoplasmosis
Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis (APH) typically presents with fever, chills, shortness of breath, and resembles community acquired pneumonia. APH can range from a mild self-limiting illness to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Subacute pulmonary histoplasmosis (SPH) has a more insidious onset over at least one month and may develop after a smaller inoculum exposure. Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis (CPH) is classically seen in older males with underlying lung disease. CPH has a similar presentation to tuberculosis with fever, night sweats, weight loss, cough, and dyspnea over at least three months. H capsulatum may also cause pulmonary nodules, mediastinal adenitis, mediastinal granulomas, and mediastinal fibrosis. Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis is a form of histoplasmosis that result from hematogenous spread and can impact multiple organ symptoms including the respiratory tract and cause severe disease.
  • 482
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Fermentation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi
Liquid fermentation of edible and medicinal fungi involves cultivating and growing fungi in a liquid medium, providing optimal conditions for their growth and fermentation. This method offers advantages over traditional solid-state fermentation, such as better control of environmental factors, higher yield and purity, and faster production cycles. It also enables the extraction of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential, which can be utilized in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods. Overall, it is a modern technique for producing high-quality fungal products with enhanced bioactive properties.
  • 308
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
L-Arginine Metabolism in Cancer
L-Arginine plays a crucial role in detoxification of ammonia—a protein breakdown product acts as a secretagogue and serves as a substrate for the synthesis of NO, an important signaling molecule that regulates vascular tone and cytotoxic functions of macrophages. L-Arg is also a precursor in the synthesis of L-ornithine and agmatine, creatine and polyamines. Metabolism of L-Arg is involved in immune cell regulation. It is now clear that L-Arg metabolism is engaged in the pathogenesis of tumor growth, inflammation, infectious diseases, and fibrotic processes, as well as physiological immunodeficiencies in newborns and pregnant women. 
  • 201
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Fermentation-Derived Biofuels
Biofuels are the sustainable counterparts of fossil fuels to meet the increasing energy demands of the current and future generations. Biofuels are produced from waste organic residues with the application of mechanical, thermochemical and biological methods and processes. While mechanical and thermochemical conversion processes involve the use of heat, pressure, catalysts and other physicochemical attributes for the direct conversion of biomass, biological conversion requires microorganisms and their enzymes as biocatalysts to degrade the fermentable substrates into biofuels and biochemicals.
  • 330
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Understanding Invasion, Ecological Adaptations, Management of Bactrocera dorsalis
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae), commonly known as the oriental fruit fly, is a highly destructive pest that globally infests fruits and vegetables, resulting in significant annual economic losses. Initially detected in Taiwan Island, it has rapidly expanded its distribution range to various regions in mainland China since the 1980s, with a continuous northward spread. To mitigate the damage caused by this pest, extensive efforts have been undertaken to comprehend its ecological and physiological adaptations and develop management strategies.
  • 527
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Human Herpesviruses (HHVs)
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) are highly widespread among humans and therefore are among the pathogens most responsible for gestational infections. HHVs are classified into three subfamilies (alpha-, beta- and gammaherpesvirinae), and they are able to establish permanent latency within the host in specific cells. The alphaherpesvirinae family includes herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1 or HHV-1), herpes simplex type-2 (HSV-2 or HHV-2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV or HHV-3). The betaherpesvirinae family includes cytomegalovirus (CMV or HHV-5), HHV-6A/B and HHV-7. The gammaherpesvirinae family consists of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8).
  • 424
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Functions of Melatonin in Horticultural Plants
Melatonin, a hormone known for its role in regulating sleep–wake cycles in mammals, has been found to have diverse functions in horticultural plants. Research has revealed the involvement of melatonin in various physiological processes in plants, like regulation of growth and development, stress tolerance, and antioxidant defense. Melatonin can augment seed germination, roots, shoot growth, and biomass accumulation in horticultural crops. It also performs a vital role in regulating vegetative and reproductive growth stages, floral transition, and leaf senescence. Melatonin improves stress tolerance in crops by regulating root architecture, nutrient uptake, and ion transport.
  • 376
  • 20 Sep 2023
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