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Topic Review
Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Iron deficiency is a condition that results from long-term depletion of iron stores. It has several causes including haemorrhage, inadequate dietary intake and malabsorption syndromes.
  • 315
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Methanethiol: A Scent Mark of Cancer
Dysregulation of sulfur metabolism may result in elevated levels of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in body fluids, breath, and/or excretions of cancer patients. Besides hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol is the predominant cancer-associated VSC and has been proposed as a promising biomarker for non-invasive cancer diagnosis. Gut bacteria are the major exogenous source of exposure to this foul-smelling toxic gas, with methanethiol-producing strains such as Fusobacterium nucleatum highly abundant in the gut microbiome of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients. Physiologically, methanethiol becomes rapidly degraded through the methanethiol oxidase (MTO) activity of selenium-binding protein 1 (SELENBP1). However, SELENBP1, which is considered a tumor suppressor, is often downregulated in tumor tissues, and this has been epidemiologically linked to poor clinical outcomes. In addition to impaired removal, an increase in methanethiol levels may derive from non-enzymatic reactions, such as a Maillard reaction between glucose and methionine, two metabolites enriched in cancer cells. High methionine concentrations in cancer cells may also result in enzymatic methanethiol production in mitochondria. Moreover, enzymatic endogenous methanethiol production may occur through methyltransferase-like protein 7B (METTL7B), which is present at elevated levels in some cancers, including CRC and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In conclusion, methanethiol contributes to the "scent of cancer" as part of the cancer-associated signature combination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
  • 365
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as an environmental toxin, is now confirmed to be a biological mediator and plays essential roles in normal physiology and in the responses to different stresses. H2S also regulates the responses to oxidative stress by interplaying with reactive oxygen species (ROS) at multiple levels and protects mitochondrial function, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.
  • 397
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome–Estrogen Axis in Gynecological Disorders
The gut microbiota (GM) functions as an endocrine organ that can influence other distant organs. The GM has been found to modulate hormone levels in the body, especially estrogens in women
  • 278
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fungal Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicular organelles that perform a variety of biological functions including cell communication across different biological kingdoms. EVs of mammals and, to a lesser extent, bacteria have been deeply studied over the years, whereas investigations of fungal EVs are still in their infancy. Fungi, encompassing both yeast and filamentous forms, are increasingly recognized for their production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a wealth of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These EVs play pivotal roles in orchestrating fungal communities, bolstering pathogenicity, and mediating interactions with the environment. 
  • 253
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applying Pickering Emulsions to Food
The proper mix of nanocellulose to a dispersion of polar and nonpolar liquids creates emulsions stabilized by finely divided solids (instead of tensoactive chemicals) named Pickering emulsions. These mixtures can be engineered to develop new food products with innovative functions, potentially more eco-friendly characteristics, and reduced risks to consumers. Although cellulose-based Pickering emulsion preparation is an exciting approach to creating new food products, there are many legal, technical, environmental, and economic gaps to be filled through research.
  • 407
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Splicing in Plant Genes
Gene expression can be regulated through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Transcription in eukaryotes produces pre-mRNA molecules, which are processed and spliced post-transcriptionally to create translatable mRNAs. More than one mRNA may be produced from a single pre-mRNA by alternative splicing (AS); thus, AS serves to diversify an organism’s transcriptome and proteome.
  • 327
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
White Adipose Tissue Heterogeneity in the Single-Cell Era
Adipose tissue is a major modulator of metabolic function by regulating energy storage and by acting as an endocrine organ through the secretion of adipokines. With the advantage of next-generation sequencing-based single-cell technologies, adipose tissue has been studied at single-cell resolution, thus providing unbiased insight into its molecular composition. Recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies in human and mouse models have dissected the transcriptional cellular heterogeneity of subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT), and intramuscular (IMAT) white adipose tissue depots and revealed unique populations of adipose tissue progenitor cells, mature adipocytes, immune cell, vascular cells, and mesothelial cells that play direct roles on adipose tissue function and the development of metabolic disorders.
  • 312
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Droplets in Yeast during Stress and Aging
The baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a valuable tool for aging research, as many aging- and disease-associated pathways such as DNA repair mechanisms, lipostasis, proteostasis, oxidative stress responses, regulated cell death, nutrient signaling, autophagy, and regulation of the cell cycle are evolutionarily conserved to a high degree. Lipid droplets (LDs) are evolutionary conserved structures that were mentioned for the first time by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, but their reassessment as autonomous organelles with important key roles in lipid and energy metabolism occurred many years later. LDs originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the first step, neutral lipids are synthesized at the ER and are redirected into the bilayer, leading to an aggregation of the highly motile lipids. Emerging evidence suggests that LDs also fulfil impotant functions during aging and in protein homeostasis.
  • 291
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Epicardial Cell Heterogeneity during Cardiogenesis and Heart Regeneration
The outermost layer of the heart, the epicardium, is an essential cell population that contributes, through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), to the formation of different cell types and provides paracrine signals to the developing heart. Despite its quiescent state during adulthood, the adult epicardium reactivates and recapitulates many aspects of embryonic cardiogenesis in response to cardiac injury, thereby supporting cardiac tissue remodeling. Thus, the epicardium has been considered a crucial source of cell progenitors that offers an important contribution to cardiac development and injured hearts. 
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  • 12 Oct 2023
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