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Topic Review
DNA Damage Response and COVID-19
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and characterized by an extremely variable disease course, ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe illness. Our cells develop DNA lesions on a daily basis. These lesions can inhibit basic cellular processes, such as genome replication and transcription, and if they are not repaired properly, they could result in mutations or genome aberrations, thereby posing a threat to the cell or even to the viability of a particular organism.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nasal Injury
In this entry, the current knowledge in terms of the mechanism underlying nasal wound healing was initially discussed. The currently available treatment options for enhancement of wound healing following sinus surgery were discussed and these had included intravenous antibiotics or steroids, various nasal sprays, and nasal packing. In addition, emerging alternative therapies in nasal mucosa wound healing such as herbal medicine and the advancement of regenerative medicine therapies such as stem cells and their byproducts were also discussed. Despite the various available treatment options for wound healing in nasal mucosa, rigorous strong evidence of their efficacy is gravely warranted in order to recommend them as part of the treatment modality.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute and highly contagious disease affecting the cloven-hoofed animals, such as pigs and cattle. The pathogen that causes FMD is known as FMD virus (FMDV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that is classified into the genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Cell Cycle Regulation in Pluripotent Stem Cells
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold great promise in cell-based therapy because of their pluripotent property and the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from inner cell mass (ICM) possess unique cell cycle control with shortened G1 phase. In addition, ESCs have high expression of homologous recombination (HR)-related proteins, which repair double-strand breaks (DSBs) through HR or the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a globally-distributed pathogen and is a major cause of liver disease. HBV (or closely-related animal hepadnaviruses) can integrate into the host genome, but (unlike retroviruses) this integrated form is replication-defective. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Biography
Alan Sokal
Alan David Sokal (/ˈsoʊkəl/; born January 24, 1955) is a professor of mathematics at University College London and professor of physics at New York University. He works in statistical mechanics and combinatorics. He is a critic of postmodernism, and caused the Sokal affair in 1996 when his deliberately nonsensical paper was published by Duke University's Social Text. He also works to counter
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Role of minor splicing factors ZRSR1 and ZRSR2 in embryo genome activation
Minor splicing plays an important role in vertebrate development. Zrsr1 and Zrsr2 paralog genes have essential roles in alternative splicing, mainly participating in the recognition of minor (U12) introns. Mice embryos with mutations in both splicing factors stopped developing mainly between the 2- and 4-cell stages, just after zygotic gene activation. RNA-seq analysis of Zrsr1/2mu 2-cell embryos showed altered gene and isoform expression of thousands of genes enriched in essential gene ontology terms and biological pathways related to ribosome, RNA transport, spliceosome, and essential zygotic gene activation steps. Alternative splicing of both U2 and U12 intron-containing genes was altered related to cell cycle and mitotic nuclear division. Zrsr1 and Zrsr2 were also required for the conversion of mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells into 2C-like cells. Zrsr1 and Zrsr2 emerge as necessary for zygotic gene activation and the conversion of induced pluripotent stem cells into 2C-like cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Plant-Based Meat Analogues from Alternative Protein
Meat is a major source of dietary protein. It is frequently recognized as a high-quality protein source due to its nutritional qualities and favorable sensory properties such as texture and flavor. However, a rising global population has led to a rise in the production and consumption of meat around the world, which has raised environmental concerns regarding the usage of land and water, as well as the impact of pollution and climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, and the loss of biodiversity. Plant proteins seem to be a possible solution to these issues since they can replace meat through the creation of nutritionally and structurally equivalent meat-like products. These products are referred to as meat substitutes. Some terminology for meat substitutes includes meat replacers, meat analogues, meat imitations, nonmeat protein alternatives, meatless meats, man-made meats, artificial meats, meat-like meats, mock meats, faux meats, and fake meats. These can be partial or full substitutes for meat, and there is an extensive range of textures. The term “meat analogue” usually refers to products that have a similar look, texture, taste, and color to meat but do not include any meat.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Non-Destructive Insect Infestation Monitoring Systems
In the last two decades, food scientists (engineers) have attempted to develop new technologies that can improve the detection of insect infestation in fruits and vegetables under postharvest conditions using a multitude of non-destructive technologies. While consumers’ expectations for higher nutritive and sensorial value of fresh produce has increased over time, they have also become more critical on using insecticides or synthetic chemicals to preserve food quality from insects’ attacks or enhance the quality attributes of minimally processed fresh produce. In addition, the increasingly stringent quarantine measures by regulatory agencies for commercial import–export of fresh produce needs more reliable technologies for quickly detecting insect infestation in fruits and vegetables before their commercialization. For these reasons, the food industry investigates alternative and non-destructive means to improve food quality. Several studies have been conducted on the development of rapid, accurate, and reliable insect infestation monitoring systems to replace invasive and subjective methods that are often inefficient. There are still major limitations to the effective in-field, as well as postharvest on-line, monitoring applications. The future of non-destructive testing will be enhanced by the current trend in IoT, big data science, and machine learning analysis.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
The Source and Toxicity of Heavy Metal Ions
Urbanization and industrialization are responsible for environmental contamination in the air, water, and soil. These activities also generate large amounts of heavy metal ions in the environment, and these contaminants cause various types of health issues in humans and other animals.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Feb 2023
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