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Topic Review
Cannabis and Male Reproductive Health
Cannabis sativa is a cheap hallucinating agent used in different parts of the world from time unknown as a part of various religious as well as social practices. Cannabis which is a special type of Marijuana can provide temporary relief from analgesia, body pain and in some other clinical conditions. But, impacts of Cannabis on reproductive health of males and females are multi-faceted and differentially fatal. In males, Cannabis can cause changes in testicular morphology, sperm parameters (in terms of semen quality, sperm morphology, sperm mortality and sperm motility), male reproductive hormones and finally causing reduced libido. In females, Cannabis can reduce female fertility by disrupting hypothalamic release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), leading to reduced estrogen and progesterone production and anovulatory menstrual cycles.  Current research suggest that cannabis may negatively impact on male and female fertility conditions. However, male sterility considering the Cannabis impact is totally lacking in human as well as in sub-human primates. However, very limited studies are available on Cannabis effect on primate female reproduction considering Rhesus monkeys. Hence, further studies are needed to validate that robust findings in animal models will carry over into human experience.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Zeaxanthin and Photoprotection in Plants
Conversion of sunlight into photochemistry by plants depends on photoprotective processes that allow safe use of sunlight over a broad range of environmental conditions. This entry focuses on the universal use by plants of the photoprotector zeaxanthin that is part of a group of three interconvertible leaf carotenoids collectively known as the xanthophyll cycle. We survey the striking plasticity of this photoprotective process in nature that can be fine-tuned to produce a fit for different environments with various combinations of light, temperature, and other factors.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Poultry Parasitic Diseases
Parasitic infections are a major public health concern affecting millions of people universally. The medicinal importance of natural herbs depends upon their bioactive ingredients, which are originated from crude plants, consequently leading to the specific action on the body. Due to the limited availability of effective drugs and high cost, the development of drug resistance in several harmful parasites and microbes leads to huge economic losses in the poultry industry.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Au-Kline Syndrome
Au-Kline syndrome is a condition that affects many body systems. Individuals with this condition typically have weak muscle tone (hypotonia), intellectual disability, and delayed development. Speech is delayed in children with Au-Kline syndrome, and some are able to say only one or a few words or are never able to speak. In addition, affected children learn to walk later than usual, and some are never able to walk on their own.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Streptavidin
Streptavidin /ˌstrɛpˈtævɪdɪn/ is a 52.8 kDa protein purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii. Streptavidin homo-tetramers have an extraordinarily high affinity for biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H). With a dissociation constant (Kd) on the order of ≈10−14 mol/L, the binding of biotin to streptavidin is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions known in nature. Streptavidin is used extensively in molecular biology and bionanotechnology due to the streptavidin-biotin complex's resistance to organic solvents, denaturants (e.g. guanidinium chloride), detergents (e.g. SDS, Triton), proteolytic enzymes, and extremes of temperature and pH.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Transplacental Gene Delivery
Transplacental gene delivery (TPGD) is a technique for delivering nucleic acids to fetal tissues via tail-vein injections in pregnant mice. After transplacental transport, administered nucleic acids enter fetal circulation and are distributed among fetal tissues. In 1995, TPGD was established by Tsukamoto et al., and its mechanisms, and potential applications have been further characterized since. In 2019, Nakamura et al. demonstrated that intravenous injection of plasmid DNA containing genome editing component (CRISPR/Cas9 system) produced indels in fetal myocardial cells. In the future, this unique technique will allow manipulation of fetal cell functions in basic studies of fetal gene therapy.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Nail Mini-Organ Stem Cells
Nails are highly keratinized skin appendages that exhibit continuous growth under physiological conditions and full regeneration upon removal. These mini-organs are maintained by two autonomous populations of skin stem cells. The fast-cycling, highly proliferative stem cells of the nail matrix (nail stem cells (NSCs)) predominantly replenish the nail plate. Furthermore, the slow-cycling population of the nail proximal fold (nail proximal fold stem cells (NPFSCs)) displays bifunctional properties by contributing to the peri-nail epidermis under the normal homeostasis and the nail structure upon injury. Here, we discuss nail mini-organ stem cells’ location and their role in skin and nail homeostasis and regeneration, emphasizing their importance to orchestrate the whole digit tip regeneration. Such endogenous regeneration capabilities are observed in rodents and primates. However, they are limited to the region adjacent to the nail’s proximal area, indicating the crucial role of nail mini-organ stem cells in digit restoration.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 May 2021
Topic Review
Sleeping Beauty Transposon System
Sleeping Beauty (SB) is a transposon system that has been widely used as a genetic engineering tool. Central to the development of any transposon as a research tool is the ability to integrate a foreign piece of DNA into the cellular genome. Driven by the need for efficient transposon-based gene vector systems, extensive studies have largely elucidated the molecular actors and actions taking place during SB transposition. Close transposon relatives and other recombination enzymes, including retroviral integrases, have served as useful models to infer functional information relevant to SB. Recently obtained structural data on the SB transposase enable a direct insight into the workings of this enzyme. These efforts cumulatively allowed the development of novel variants of SB that offer advanced possibilities for genetic engineering due to their hyperactivity, integration deficiency, or targeting capacity. However, many aspects of the process of transposition remain poorly understood and require further investigation. We anticipate that continued investigations into the structure–function relationships of SB transposition will enable the development of new generations of transposition-based vector systems, thereby facilitating the use of SB in preclinical studies and clinical trials.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
1,3,4-Oxadiazole
Compounds containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring in their structure are characterised by multidirectional biological activity.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Milk Bioactive Compounds
The milk fat fraction is a rich source of nutrients and bioactive factors. This fraction is composed of milk fat globules (MFGs) surrounded by the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). In this review we revise the literature that deals two minor topics that characterize the milk fat fraction. The first topic is the MFGM proteome, which has several bioactive properties and shows similarities and variations among species and phases of lactation. The second topic is the content of essential nutrients among MFGs and MFGM, named minerals and lipophilic vitamins, in order to assess the nutrifunctional role of the milk fat fraction. 
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Apr 2021
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